The potential spread of infection caused by aerosol contamination of surfaces after flushing a domestic toilet

Aims:  To determine the level of aerosol formation and fallout within a toilet cubicle after flushing a toilet contaminated with indicator organisms at levels required to mimic pathogen shedding during infectious diarrhoea.

[1]  S. Goyal,et al.  Survival of F-Specific RNA Coliphage, Feline Calicivirus, and Escherichia coli in Water: a Comparative Study , 2003, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[2]  J. Cheesbrough,et al.  Widespread environmental contamination with Norwalk-like viruses (NLV) detected in a prolonged hotel outbreak of gastroenteritis , 2000, Epidemiology and Infection.

[3]  M. Blaser,et al.  Epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni infections. , 1983, Epidemiologic reviews.

[4]  Robert V. Tauxe,et al.  Epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni infections in the United States and other industrialized nations , 2000 .

[5]  S F Bloomfield,et al.  Effects of Cleaning and Disinfection in Reducing the Spread of Norovirus Contamination via Environmental Surfaces , 2004, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[6]  Caul Eo Small round structured viruses: airborne transmission and hospital control , 1994 .

[7]  R. Hudson,et al.  The use of bacteriophage MS2 as a model system to evaluate virucidal hand disinfectants. , 1991, The Journal of hospital infection.

[8]  Laura C Rodrigues,et al.  Study of infectious intestinal disease in England: rates in the community, presenting to general practice, and reported to national surveillance , 1999, BMJ.

[9]  K. Henshilwood,et al.  Evaluation of F-Specific RNA Bacteriophage as a Candidate Human Enteric Virus Indicator for Bivalve Molluscan Shellfish , 2000, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[10]  H. Dupont,et al.  Immunity in shigellosis. II. Protection induced by oral live vaccine or primary infection. , 1972, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[11]  J. Lew,et al.  Viral agents of gastroenteritis. Public health importance and outbreak management. , 1990, MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports.

[12]  E. Caul Small round structured viruses: airborne transmission and hospital control , 1994, The Lancet.

[13]  C. Hart,et al.  Diagnosis and causes of viral gastroenteritis , 1996 .

[14]  T. Tajima [Viral gastroenteritis]. , 1994, Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine.

[15]  R. Atkinson,et al.  Bacterial aerosol from water closets. A comparison of two types of pan and two types of cover. , 1966, Lancet.

[16]  S. Newsom Microbiology of hospital toilets. , 1972, Lancet.

[17]  Hutchinson Ri Some observations on the method of spread of Sonne dysentery. , 1956, Monthly bulletin of the Ministry of Health and the Public Health Laboratory Service.

[18]  J. Cowden,et al.  General outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease in England and Wales 1992 to 1994. , 1996, Communicable disease report. CDR review.

[19]  H. M. Darlow,et al.  Infective hazards of water-closets. , 1959, Lancet.

[20]  E. Caul,et al.  Evidence for airborne transmission of Norwalk-like virus (NLV) in a hotel restaurant , 2000, Epidemiology and Infection.

[21]  S. Thomson The number of bacilli harboured by enteric carriers , 1954, Journal of Hygiene.

[22]  S. Bloomfield,et al.  Survival of Salmonella in bathrooms and toilets in domestic homes following salmonellosis , 2000, Journal of applied microbiology.

[23]  M. Ho,et al.  VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS ABOARD A CRUISE SHIP , 1989, The Lancet.

[24]  A H Havelaar,et al.  F-specific RNA bacteriophages are adequate model organisms for enteric viruses in fresh water , 1993, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[25]  R. Glass,et al.  An Outbreak of Acute Gastroenteritis Caused by a Small Round Structured Virus in a Geriatric Convalescent Facility , 1990, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[26]  W. D. Griffiths,et al.  Performance of bioaerosol samplers used by the UK biotechnology industry , 1999 .

[27]  C. Gerba,et al.  Microbiological hazards of household toilets: droplet production and the fate of residual organisms. , 1975, Applied microbiology.

[28]  R. I. Hutchinson Some observations on the method of spread of Sonne dysentery. , 1956, Monthly bulletin of the Ministry of Health and the Public Health Laboratory Service.

[29]  S. O'Brien,et al.  General outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease in England and Wales: 1995 and 1996. , 1998, Communicable disease and public health.

[30]  W. D. Griffiths,et al.  The assessment of bioaerosols: A critical review , 1994 .