Sol-gel process for glass integrated optics

The sol-gel process allows the synthesis of a wide variety of amorphous as well as crystalline materials which can exhibit useful passive or active optical properties. The process offers many advantages, such as low-temperature synthesis, excellent control and flexibility over composition and design. For applications in future integrated optics, the sol-gel process is flexible in making various kinds of optical components which either have been successfully made or have potential in their realization. This paper examines a number of the state-of-the-art optical components fabricable by the sol-gel process for glass integrated optics. Major examples furnished are in glass substrates and waveguides, third-order nonlinear materials, lasers and optical amplifiers, optical fibers, and gradient-index lenses. The benefits as well as limitations by using the sol-gel approach will be critically presented.

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