Microfabricated atomic clocks and magnetometers

We demonstrate the critical subsystems of a compact atomic clock based on a microfabricated physics package. The clock components have a total volume below 10 cm3, a fractional frequency instability of 6 × 10−10/τ1/2, and consume 200 mW of power. The physics package is easily adapted to function as a magnetometer with sensitivity below 50 pT Hz−1/2 at 10 Hz.

[1]  J. Kitching,et al.  Microfabricated alkali atom vapor cells , 2004 .

[2]  G. Orriols,et al.  An experimental method for the observation of r.f. transitions and laser beat resonances in oriented Na vapour , 1976 .

[3]  Atomic vapor cells for miniature frequency references , 2003, IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition Jointly with the 17th European Frequency and Time Forum, 2003. Proceedings of the 2003.

[4]  B. K. Verma,et al.  Magnetic mapping of Majhgawan diamond pipe of central India , 1999 .

[5]  Dieter Meschede,et al.  Experimental realization of coherent dark-state magnetometers , 1998 .

[6]  E. Arimondo.  Coherent Population Trapping in Laser Spectroscopy , 1996 .

[7]  Filippo Levi,et al.  Coherent population trapping in cesium: Dark lines and coherent microwave emission , 1998 .

[8]  Yoshito Koyama,et al.  An ultra-miniature rubidium frequency standard , 2000, Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE/EIA International Frequency Control Symposium and Exhibition (Cat. No.00CH37052).

[9]  Hugo Fruehauf,et al.  Fast Direct-P(Y) GPS Signal Acquisition Using a Special Portable Clock , 2002 .

[10]  Valeriy V. Yashchuk,et al.  Sensitive Magnetometry based on Nonlinear Magneto-Optical Rotation , 2000 .

[11]  J. Vig.  Introduction to Quartz Frequency Standards , 1992 .

[12]  Robert Wynands,et al.  Optimization and performance of an optical cardiomagnetometer , 2004, physics/0406157.

[13]  Trent A. Skidmore,et al.  A Low-Cost Atomic Clock: Impact on the National Airspace and GNSS Availability , 1994 .

[14]  Harold Weinstock,et al.  SQUID sensors : fundamentals, fabrication, and applications , 1996 .

[15]  J. Kitching,et al.  Power dissipation in a vertically integrated chip-scale atomic clock , 2004, Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2004..

[16]  J.R. Vig,et al.  Military applications of high accuracy frequency standards and clocks , 1993, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[17]  J. Kitching,et al.  A microfabricated atomic clock , 2004 .

[18]  Z. Popovic,et al.  A low-power, low phase noise local oscillator for chip-scale atomic clocks , 2005, IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, 2005..

[19]  Scully,et al.  High-sensitivity magnetometer based on index-enhanced media. , 1992, Physical review letters.

[20]  M. Bloch,et al.  Subminiature rubidium frequency standard for commercial applications , 1993, 1993 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium.

[21]  Terry Quinn.  FOREWORD: Fifty years of atomic time-keeping: 1955 to 2005 , 2005 .

[22]  Svenja Knappe,et al.  Chip-scale atomic magnetometer , 2004 .

[23]  J. Kitching,et al.  Atomic vapor cells for chip-scale atomic clocks with improved long-term frequency stability. , 2005, Optics letters.

[24]  Christophe Dolabdjian,et al.  Performances and place of magnetometers based on amorphous wires compared to conventional magnetometers , 2002 .

[25]  H. Dehmelt.  Modulation of a Light Beam by Precessing Absorbing Atoms , 1957 .

[26]  G. Wallis,et al.  Field Assisted Glass‐Metal Sealing , 1969 .

[27]  T. R. Clem.  Superconducting Magnetic Gradiometers For Underwater Target Detection , 1998 .

[28]  Christoph Affolderbach,et al.  Picotesla magnetometry with coherent dark states , 2001 .

[29]  T. W. Kornack,et al.  A subfemtotesla multichannel atomic magnetometer , 2003, Nature.

[30]  Mark J. Mescher,et al.  The Chip-Scale Atomic Clock - Low-Power Physics Package , 2004 .