Origins of endomorphin‐immunoreactive fibers and terminals in different columns of the periaqueductal gray in the rat

Endomorphin 1 (EM1) and endomorphin 2 (EM2) are endogenous ligands for mu‐opioid receptors (MOR). In the central nervous system, EM‐immunoreactive (IR) neuronal cell bodies are located mainly in the hypothalamus and the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). EM‐IR fibers and terminals are found widely distributed in many brain areas, including the different columns of the periaqueductal gray (PAG). The hypothalamus, NTS, and PAG are closely involved in modulation of vocalization, autonomic and neuroendocrine functions, pain, and defensive behavior through endogenous opioid peptides that bind to the MOR in these regions. Projections exist from both the hypothalamus and the NTS to the PAG. In order to examine whether there are EM1‐ and/or EM2‐ergic projections from the hypothalamus and NTS to the PAG, immunofluorescence histochemistry for EM1 and/or EM2 was combined with fluorescent retrograde tracing. In rats that had Fluoro‐Gold (FG) injected into different columns of the PAG, some of the EM1‐ or EM2‐IR neurons in the hypothalamus, but none in the NTS, were labeled retrogradely with FG. The majority of the EM1/FG and EM2/FG double‐labeled neurons in the hypothalamus were distributed in the dorsomedial nucleus, areas between the dorsomedial and ventromedial nucleus, and arcuate nucleus; a few were also seen in the ventromedial, periventricular, and posterior nucleus. The present results indicate that the EM‐IR fibers and terminals in the PAG originate principally from the hypothalamus. They also suggest that EMs released from hypothalamus‐PAG projecting neurons might mediate or modulate various functions of the PAG through binding to the MOR. J. Comp. Neurol. 509:72–87, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.