Invertebrate Locomotor Systems

The sections in this article are: 1 Mechanisms of Locomotion 1.1 Swimming 1.2 Crawling 1.3 Walking, Running, and Rolling 1.4 Jumping 1.5 Flying 1.6 Comparison of Locomotor Dynamics 2 Production of Locomotion: Musculoskeletal Systems 2.1 Filament, Sarcomere, and Muscle Level 3 Energetics of Locomotion 3.1 Aerobic Metabolism 3.2 Anaerobic Metabolism 3.3 Endurance and Metabolism 3.4 Metabolic Cost of Transport 4 Conclusions 4.1 Trends 5 Future Research 5.1 Comparative Muscle Physiology 5.2 Comparative Bioenergetics and Exercise Physiology 5.3 Comparative Biomechanics 5.4 Collaboration 5.5 Direct-Experiments Using Innovative Technology 5.6 Cybercreatures and Experiments: Computer Modeling 6 Appendix: List of Symbols

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