Landscape ecology and biogeography

The growing recognition that spatial scale and heterogeneity affect ecological processes has focused heightened attention over the last decade on principles from the field of landscape ecology. Landscape ecologists, drawing on principles from a diverse array of disciplines and fields, including physical and human geography, focus explicitly on the interrelation between landscape structure (i.e., pattern) and landscape function (i.e., processes). In this article, I discuss the application of landscape ecological principles to a specific and pressing issue: nature reserve design and functioning. To do so, I outline and review five landscape ecological themes with relevance to reserve design and management: reserve distribution, reserve shape, landscape corridor design and functioning, boundary dynamics, and reserve functioning. I particularly stress: 1) the role that landscape ecological theories may have in integrating existing principles from applied biogeography and population biology, and 2) the unique insights provided by a landscape ecological approach. Finally, I argue that biogeographers, because of our distinct skills, need to be more active in the development and advancement of landscape ecological theory.

[1]  D. Lindenmayer,et al.  Ecological Principles for the Design of Wildlife Corridors , 1993 .

[2]  J. Kupfer,et al.  STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF A RIPARIAN FOREST EDGE , 1993 .

[3]  Richard J. Hobbs,et al.  Effects of landscape fragmentation on ecosystem processes in the Western Australian wheatbelt , 1993 .

[4]  Glenn R. Matlack,et al.  MICROENVIRONMENT VARIATION WITHIN AND AMONG FOREST EDGE SITES IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES , 1993 .

[5]  Richard J. Hobbs,et al.  INTEGRATED LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY: A WESTERN AUSTRALIAN PERSPECTIVE , 1993 .

[6]  O. Kindvall,et al.  Geometrical Factors and Metapopulation Dynamics of the Bush Cricket, Metrioptera bicolor Philippi (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) , 1992 .

[7]  James A. Cox,et al.  Movement Corridors: Conservation Bargains or Poor Investments? , 1992 .

[8]  R. L. Harrison.  Toward a Theory of Inter-Refuge Corridor Design , 1992 .

[9]  B. Noon,et al.  Integrating Scientific Methods with Habitat Conservation Planning: Reserve Design for Northern Spotted Owls. , 1992, Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America.

[10]  R. Forman,et al.  Theoretical Foundations for Understanding Boundaries in Landscape Mosaics , 1992 .

[11]  M. Usher,et al.  Plant Species Richness in Farm Woodlands , 1992 .

[12]  M. M. Holland,et al.  The Biosphere-Reserve Concept: Needs for a Network Design , 1991 .

[13]  R. Hobbs,et al.  Biological Consequences of Ecosystem Fragmentation: A Review , 1991 .

[14]  R. Hobbs,et al.  The role of conservation corridors in a changing climate , 1991 .

[15]  J. Lynch,et al.  Responses of bird species to habitat fragmentation in the wheatbelt of Western Australia: interiors, edges and corridors , 1991 .

[16]  R. Gardner,et al.  Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology , 1991 .

[17]  S. Harrison,et al.  Local extinction in a metapopulation context: an empirical evaluation , 1991 .

[18]  Ilkka Hanski,et al.  Single‐species metapopulation dynamics: concepts, models and observations , 1991 .

[19]  W. Laurance,et al.  Predicting the impacts of edge effects in fragmented habitats , 1991 .

[20]  James R. Runkle,et al.  Gap dynamics in an Ohio Acer–Fagus forest and speculations on the geography of disturbance , 1990 .

[21]  K. Schreiber,et al.  The History of Landscape Ecology in Europe , 1990 .

[22]  Marc P. Armstrong,et al.  Landscape fragmentation and dispersal in a model of riparian forest dynamics , 1990 .

[23]  D. Saunders.  Problems of survival in an extensively cultivated landscape: the case of Carnaby's cockatoo Calyptorhynchus funereus latirostris , 1990 .

[24]  I. Hanski,et al.  Metapopulation dynamics: Does it help to have more of the same? , 1989, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[25]  W. Baker.  Landscape ecology and nature reserve design in the boundary waters canoe area, Minnesota , 1989 .

[26]  Richard H. Yahner,et al.  Changes in Wildlife Communities Near Edges , 1988 .

[27]  W. Alverson,et al.  Forests Too Deer: Edge Effects in Northern Wisconsin , 1988 .

[28]  Dennis D. Murphy,et al.  Distribution of the Bay Checkerspot Butterfly, Euphydryas editha bayensis: Evidence for a Metapopulation Model , 1988, The American Naturalist.

[29]  C. Schonewald-Cox,et al.  Boundaries in the Protection of Nature Reserves: Translating multidisciplinary knowledge into practical conservation , 1988 .

[30]  H. Andrén,et al.  Elevated Predation Rates as an Edge Effect in Habitat Islands: Experimental evidence , 1988, Ecology.

[31]  Thomas W. Schoener,et al.  High population persistence in a system with high turnover , 1987, Nature.

[32]  Alan Hastings,et al.  Extinction in Subdivided Habitats , 1987 .

[33]  R. Noss.  Corridors in Real Landscapes: A Reply to Simberloff and Cox , 1987 .

[34]  D. Goodman.  How Do Any Species Persist? Lessons for Conservation Biology , 1987 .

[35]  James A. Cox,et al.  Consequences and Costs of Conservation Corridors , 1987 .

[36]  V. V. Krishnan,et al.  The Effects of Edge Permeability and Habitat Geometry on Emigration from Patches of Habitat , 1987, The American Naturalist.

[37]  D. DeAngelis,et al.  Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Concepts in Ecological Models , 1987 .

[38]  R. Ricklefs,et al.  Community Diversity: Relative Roles of Local and Regional Processes , 1987, Science.

[39]  Marybeth Buechner,et al.  Conservation in insular parks: Simulation models of factors affecting the movement of animals across park boundaries , 1987 .

[40]  Michael E. Gilpin,et al.  Viable Populations for Conservation: Spatial structure and population vulnerability , 1987 .

[41]  C. Schonewald-Cox,et al.  The boundary model: A geographical analysis of design and conservation of nature reserves , 1986 .

[42]  D. Simberloff,et al.  What do genetics and ecology tell us about the design of nature reserves , 1986 .

[43]  Lenore Fahrig,et al.  Spatial characteristics of habitat patches and population survival , 1985 .

[44]  J. Gosz,et al.  Boundary dynamics: a conceptual framework for studying landscape ecosystems , 1985 .

[45]  L. Fahrig,et al.  Habitat Patch Connectivity and Population Survival , 1985 .

[46]  Mark L. Shaffer,et al.  Population Size and Extinction: A Note on Determining Critical Population Sizes , 1985, The American Naturalist.

[47]  S. Pickett.  Chapter 21 – Patch Dynamics: A Synthesis , 1985 .

[48]  E. Connor,et al.  Is there a best shape for nature reserves , 1985 .

[49]  G. Merriam,et al.  Patchy environments and species survival: Chipmunks in an agricultural mosaic , 1985 .

[50]  D. Correll,et al.  Nutrient dynamics in an agricultural watershed: Observations on the role of a riparian forest , 1984 .

[51]  Reed F. Noss,et al.  A Regional Landscape Approach to Maintain Diversity , 1983 .

[52]  M. Brittingham,et al.  Have Cowbirds Caused Forest Songbirds to Decline , 1983 .

[53]  C. Margules,et al.  Modern biogeographic theory: Are there any lessons for nature reserve design? , 1982 .

[54]  Daniel Simberloff,et al.  Refuge Design and Island Biogeographic Theory: Effects of Fragmentation , 1982, The American Naturalist.

[55]  W. Romme,et al.  FIRE AND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY IN SUBALPINE FORESTS OF YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK , 1982 .

[56]  M. Shaffer.  Minimum Population Sizes for Species Conservation , 1981 .

[57]  J. W. Ranney,et al.  importance of edge in the structure and dynamics of forest islands , 1981 .

[58]  Margaret Game,et al.  Best shape for nature reserves , 1980, Nature.

[59]  Francis Gilbert,et al.  The equilibrium theory of island biogeography : fact or fiction? , 1980 .

[60]  Ronald I. Miller.  Conserving the Genetic Integrity of Faunal Populations and Communities , 1979, Environmental Conservation.

[61]  John Wegner,et al.  Movements by Birds and Small Mammals Between a Wood and Adjoining Farmland Habitats , 1979 .

[62]  G. Likens,et al.  Pattern and process in a forested ecosystem. , 1979 .

[63]  L. W. Gysel,et al.  Avian Nest Dispersion and Fledging Success in Field‐Forest Ecotones , 1978 .

[64]  James H. Brown,et al.  Turnover Rates in Insular Biogeography: Effect of Immigration on Extinction , 1977 .

[65]  Jared M. Diamond,et al.  THE ISLAND DILEMMA: LESSONS OF MODERN BIOGEOGRAPHIC STUDIES FOR THE DESIGN OF NATURAL RESERVES , 1975 .