Eating fast leads to insulin resistance: findings in middle-aged Japanese men and women.

OBJECTIVE To examine relationships between speed of eating and insulin resistance. METHODS Cross-sectional study of 2704 male (mean age and BMI: 48.2 y and 23.3 kg/m(2)) and 761 female (46.3 y and 21.8 kg/m(2)) non-diabetic Japanese civil servants, 75% clerical, and 25% manual laborers, using a two-part questionnaire on life-style factors and diet history with self-assessment of categorical speed of eating and energy intake over a 1-month period. We measured BMI, blood glucose and insulin concentrations and calculated insulin resistance using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance: (HOMA-IR). RESULTS BMI correlated with eating rate in both sexes, and with daily energy intake in men. Multiple regression analysis of log HOMA-IR by categorical speed of eating, adjusting for age, energy intake and lifestyle factors showed a statistically significant gradual increase in HOMA-IR with increases in relative eating rate in men (p<0.001, for trend) and in women (p<0.01). Adjusting for BMI, this positive relationship appeared only in men (p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that eating fast is independently associated with insulin resistance in middle-aged Japanese men and women.

[1]  Y. Ouchi,et al.  Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the general Japanese population in 2000. , 2006, Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis.

[2]  T. Wolever.  Carbohydrate and the regulation of blood glucose and metabolism. , 2003, Nutrition reviews.

[3]  P. Björntorp,et al.  Hepatic lipid metabolism in severe human obesity. , 1977, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[4]  C. Binns,et al.  Is the BMI cut-off level for Japanese females for obesity set too high? A consideration from a body composition perspective. , 2006, Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition.

[5]  T. Wolever,et al.  Metabolic Effects of Reducing Rate of Glucose Ingestion by Single Bolus Versus Continuous Sipping , 1990, Diabetes.

[6]  Corby K. Martin,et al.  Slower eating rate reduces the food intake of men, but not women: implications for behavioral weight control. , 2007, Behaviour research and therapy.

[7]  H. Küchenhoff,et al.  Meal frequency and childhood obesity. , 2005, Obesity research.

[8]  S. Sasaki,et al.  Self-reported rate of eating correlates with body mass index in 18-y-old Japanese women , 2003, International Journal of Obesity.

[9]  J. Manson,et al.  Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes. , 2002, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[10]  N. Yoshiike,et al.  Twenty‐year changes in the prevalence of overweight in Japanese adults: The National Nutrition Survey 1976–95 , 2002, Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity.

[11]  C. Ebbeling,et al.  Altering Portion Sizes and Eating Rate to Attenuate Gorging During a Fast Food Meal: Effects on Energy Intake , 2007, Pediatrics.

[12]  J. Tepperman,et al.  Meal frequency--a possible factor in human pathology. , 1970, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[13]  J. Manson,et al.  Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. , 2001, The New England journal of medicine.

[14]  G A Colditz,et al.  Obesity, Fat Distribution, and Weight Gain as Risk Factors for Clinical Diabetes in Men , 1994, Diabetes Care.

[15]  Saunders Kb.  END--OR BEGINNING? , 1965 .

[16]  C. Cohn,et al.  Role of rate of ingestion of diet on regulation of intermediary metabolism ("meal eating" vs. "nibbling"). , 1960, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[17]  L. Mandarino,et al.  Production of insulin resistance by hyperinsulinaemia in man , 1985, Diabetologia.

[18]  Kuninori Shiwaku,et al.  The New BMI Criteria for Asians by the Regional Office for the Western Pacific Region of WHO are Suitable for Screening of Overweight to Prevent Metabolic Syndrome in Elder Japanese Workers , 2003, Journal of occupational health.

[19]  T. Wadden,et al.  Objective measurement of eating rate during behavioral treatment of obesity , 1991 .

[20]  Satoshi Sasaki,et al.  Eating Fast Leads to Obesity: Findings Based on Self-administered Questionnaires among Middle-aged Japanese Men and Women , 2006, Journal of epidemiology.

[21]  H. Sakura,et al.  Rate of Eating and Body Weight in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes or Hyperlipidaemia , 2002, The Journal of international medical research.

[22]  R M Peshock,et al.  Relationship of Generalized and Regional Adiposity to Insulin Sensitivity in Men With NIDDM , 1996, Diabetes.

[23]  T. Goto,et al.  The influence of fatty liver on insulin clearance and insulin resistance in non-diabetic Japanese subjects. , 1995, International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity.

[24]  T. Wolever,et al.  Nibbling versus gorging: metabolic advantages of increased meal frequency. , 1989, The New England journal of medicine.

[25]  S. Sasaki,et al.  Serum biomarker-based validation of a self-administered diet history questionnaire for Japanese subjects. , 2000, Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology.

[26]  N. Mccutcheon,et al.  Contributions of obesity, gender, hunger, food preference, and body size to bite size, bite speed, and rate of eating , 1984, Appetite.

[27]  R. Turner,et al.  Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and β-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man , 1985, Diabetologia.

[28]  G. Bray.  Lipogenesis in human adipose tissue: some effects of nibbling and gorging. , 1972, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[29]  L. Hammer.  The development of eating behavior in childhood. , 1992, Pediatric clinics of North America.

[30]  Reinhold G. Laessle,et al.  Laboratory eating behavior in obesity , 2007, Appetite.

[31]  Eiji Oda,et al.  New criteria for 'obesity disease' in Japan. , 2002, Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society.

[32]  G. Gwinup,et al.  Effect of nibbling versus gorging on glucose tolerance. , 1963, Lancet.

[33]  J. Olefsky.  Lilly Lecture 1980: Insulin Resistance and Insulin Action: An In Vitro and In Vivo Perspective , 1981, Diabetes.

[34]  S. Rössner,et al.  Eating behaviour in obese and normal weight 11-year-old children. , 1992, International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity.

[35]  E. Ravussin,et al.  Do obese eat faster than lean subjects? Food intake studies in Pima Indian men. , 1994, Obesity research.

[36]  Shotai Kobayashi,et al.  High frequency of cardiovascular risk factors in overweight adult Japanese subjects. , 2007, Archives of medical research.

[37]  R. Kawamori.  Diabetes trends in Japan , 2002, Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews.

[38]  Subcommittee Guidelines.  Japanese Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension (JSH 2004). , 2006, Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension.

[39]  Katsumi Yoshida,et al.  Analysis of factors that influence body mass index from ages 3 to 6 years: A study based on the Toyama cohort study , 2004, Pediatrics international : official journal of the Japan Pediatric Society.

[40]  S. Sasaki,et al.  Self-administered diet history questionnaire developed for health education: a relative validation of the test-version by comparison with 3-day diet record in women. , 1998, Journal of epidemiology.

[41]  T. Yoshikawa,et al.  Lifestyle, obesity, and insulin resistance. , 2001, Diabetes care.

[42]  F. Schaffner,et al.  Metabolic correlates of eating behavior in severe obesity , 2001, International Journal of Obesity.