A two-tier energy management system for smart electric vehicle charging in UCLA: A Solar-To-Vehicle (S2V) case study

Integration of Electric Vehicles (EV) and Renewable Energy Sources (RES) with Energy Management System (EMS) in microgrid has been widely discussed. In this paper, we present a two-tier EMS system currently in operation on campus of University of California, Los Angeles. The upper level system, called Super Control Center (SCC), processes grid-wide energy coordination while the lower level systems manage local EV charging and other micro-scale services. We use the concept of Solar-to-Vehicle (S2V) to demonstrate the combined function of the EMS system. For lower level system, we present two queuing algorithms with user priority calculated from user's Solar-Friendliness Index (SFI), i.e., solar composition of user's energy consumption profile. The algorithms have shown capabilities to increase RES utilization, while actively encouraging users to change consumption behavior and promoting higher RES utilization. Simulation results have shown that SCC can reduce up to 73% of the EV load. The lower level EV coordination algorithms are able to increase the RES utilization from 0.504 to 1.

[1]  D. Skrlec,et al.  A model for the efficient use of electricity produced from renewable energy sources for electric vehicle charging , 2013, 2013 4th International Youth Conference on Energy (IYCE).

[2]  Dionysios Aliprantis,et al.  Load Scheduling and Dispatch for Aggregators of Plug-In Electric Vehicles , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[3]  Bin Wang,et al.  EV charging algorithm implementation with user price preference , 2015, 2015 IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT).

[4]  Filip De Turck,et al.  Distributed smart charging of electric vehicles for balancing wind energy , 2012, 2012 IEEE Third International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm).

[5]  Xi Fang,et al.  3. Full Four-channel 6.3-gb/s 60-ghz Cmos Transceiver with Low-power Analog and Digital Baseband Circuitry 7. Smart Grid — the New and Improved Power Grid: a Survey , 2022 .

[6]  Na Li,et al.  Solar generation prediction using the ARMA model in a laboratory-level micro-grid , 2012, 2012 IEEE Third International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm).

[7]  Guang-Hua Yang,et al.  Energy Management System and Pervasive Service-Oriented Networks , 2010, 2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications.

[8]  A. Keane,et al.  Optimal Charging of Electric Vehicles in Low-Voltage Distribution Systems , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[9]  Mihaela van der Schaar,et al.  Demand Side Management in Smart Grids Using a Repeated Game Framework , 2013, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[10]  J. Torriti,et al.  Demand response experience in Europe: Policies, programmes and implementation , 2010 .

[11]  Antonio J. Conejo,et al.  Optimal energy management of small electric energy systems including V2G facilities and renewable energy sources , 2012 .

[12]  Tao Tang,et al.  Optimal Charging Control for Electric Vehicles in Smart Microgrids with Renewable Energy Sources , 2012, 2012 IEEE 75th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring).

[13]  Hye-Jin Kim,et al.  An Efficient Scheduling Scheme on Charging Stations for Smart Transportation , 2010, SUComS.

[14]  H. R. Pota,et al.  Optimal sizing and placement of battery energy storage in distribution system based on solar size for voltage regulation , 2015, 2015 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting.

[15]  Yifan Li,et al.  An energy efficient solution: Integrating Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle in smart grid with renewable energy , 2012, 2012 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM Workshops.

[16]  A. Di Giorgio,et al.  Open-Source Implementation of Monitoring and Controlling Services for EMS/SCADA Systems by Means of Web Services— IEC 61850 and IEC 61970 Standards , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[17]  Na Li,et al.  Optimal Residential Demand Response in Distribution Networks , 2014, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[18]  Alfredo Vaccaro,et al.  An Integrated Framework for Smart Microgrids Modeling, Monitoring, Control, Communication, and Verification , 2011, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[19]  Weiming Shen,et al.  Web-services infrastructure for information integration in power systems , 2006, 2006 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting.

[20]  Hemanshu R. Pota,et al.  Energy management for a commercial building microgrid with stationary and mobile battery storage , 2016 .

[21]  Ting Wu,et al.  Coordinated Energy Dispatching in Microgrid With Wind Power Generation and Plug-in Electric Vehicles , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[22]  Xiaorong Xie,et al.  A distributed optimal energy management strategy for microgrids , 2014, 2014 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm).

[23]  G. Mailath,et al.  Repeated Games and Reputations , 2006 .

[24]  Rui Huang,et al.  Evaluating microgrid management and control with an implementable energy management system , 2014, 2014 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm).

[25]  R. Gadh,et al.  DESIGN OF SMART CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE HARDWARE AND FIRMWARE DESIGN OF THE VARIOUS CURRENT MULTIPLEXING CHARGING SYSTEM , 2013 .

[26]  R. Iravani,et al.  Microgrids management , 2008, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine.

[27]  Martin Maier,et al.  Smart Microgrids: Optimal Joint Scheduling for Electric Vehicles and Home Appliances , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.