The Internet as a “Public Sphere”

This paper considers the theory of the Internet becoming part of the “public sphere”. The first part of the paper looks at how the concept of the public sphere was used by different scholars and how they defined the theory of the “public sphere”. The second part of the paper analyses how the theory about the public sphere defined by different scholars works on the practical level. Keywords: internet, network society, newspaper, public sphere, New York Times, virtuality, website.

[1]  Steven G. Jones.  The Internet and its social landscape , 1997 .

[2]  M. Schudson,et al.  Rethinking Popular Culture: Contemporary Perspectives in Cultural Studies , 1991 .

[3]  Rob Kling,et al.  Hopes and Horrors: Technological Utopianism and Anti-Utopianism in Narratives of Computerization , 1995, Computerization and Controversy, 2nd Ed..

[4]  Robert W. McChesney,et al.  The Internet and U. S. Communication Policy-Making in Historical and Critical Perspective , 1996 .

[5]  Steven G. Jones.  Virtual Culture: Identity and Communication in Cybersociety , 1997 .

[6]  T. E. Patterson,et al.  Bad News, Bad Governance , 1996 .

[7]  F. Christopher Arterton,et al.  Teledemocracy: Can Technology Protect Democracy? F. Christopher Arterton. 1987. Sage, Newbury Park, CA. 222 pages. Index. ISBN: 0-8039-2872-6 , 1988 .

[8]  Wayne Rash,et al.  Politics on the nets: wiring the political process , 1997 .

[9]  R. Hart.  Easy Citizenship: Television's Curious Legacy , 1996 .

[10]  Nancy Fraser.  Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy , 2016, Public Space Reader.

[11]  K. A. Hill,et al.  Cyberpolitics: Citizen Activism in the Age of the Internet , 1998 .

[12]  A. Melucci.  Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age , 1997 .

[13]  Joseph Schmitz.  Structural relations, electronic media, and social change: the Public Electronic Network and the homeless , 1997 .

[14]  B. Wright.  Of Democracy in America , 1946, American Political Science Review.

[15]  J. Habermas,et al.  The structural transformation of the public sphere : an inquiryinto a category of bourgeois society , 1991 .

[16]  Ananda Mitra,et al.  Diasporic Web Sites: Ingroup and Outgroup Discourse. , 1997 .

[17]  M. Dertouzos,et al.  The Social Framework of the Information Society , 1980 .

[18]  R. Putnam.  The strange disappearance of civic America , 1996 .

[19]  Michael Schaich,et al.  The Public Sphere , 2009 .

[20]  N. Garnham.  The Media and the Public Sphere , 2020 .

[21]  Roy C. Anderson.  Out of order , 1998, Nature.

[22]  John V. Pavlik,et al.  The people's right to know : media, democracy, and the information highway , 1994 .

[23]  B R Hasselkus,et al.  Habits of the heart. , 2000, The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association.

[24]  Brian McKenna,et al.  Virtual Community , 1998, Online Inf. Rev..

[25]  J. Dewey,et al.  The Public and its Problems , 1927 .

[26]  Kevin Fredette,et al.  Electronic democracy: Using the internet to influence american politics , 1997 .

[27]  Jorge Reina Schement,et al.  Tendencies and Tensions of the Information Age: The Production and Distribution of Information in the United States , 1995 .

[28]  B. Bagdikian,et al.  The Media Monopoly , 1984 .

[29]  J. Cappella,et al.  Spiral of Cynicism: The Press and the Public Good , 1997 .

[30]  Joseph N. Cappella,et al.  News Frames, Political Cynicism, and Media Cynicism , 1996 .

[31]  Gary R. Orren,et al.  The Electronic Commonwealth: The Impact of New Media Technologies on Democratic Politics , 1990 .

[32]  Ananda Mitra,et al.  Virtual commonality: looking for India on the Internet , 1997 .

[33]  Nicholas W. Jankowski,et al.  The promise and practice of public debate in cyberspace , 2000 .

[34]  Jan Fernback,et al.  The individual within the collective: virtual ideology and the realization of collective principles , 1997 .

[35]  Jean-François Lyotard,et al.  The Postmodern Condition , 1979 .

[36]  M. Schudson,et al.  Why conversation is not the soul of democracy , 1997 .