Restarts, Pauses, and the Achievement of a State of Mutual Gaze at Turn‐Beginning

This paper will investigate some systematic procedures through which a framework of mutual orientation between speaker and hearer is achieved and oriented to within the turn at talk. In so far as both the vocal actions of the speaker and the nonvocal actions of the hearer will be examined, data for this analysis consist of videotapes of actual conversations recorded in a range of natural settings. Natural speech is frequently considered a poor source of data for the analysis of linguistic structure (see, for example, Chomsky, 1965, pp. 3-4). Specifically, sentences produced within it are regularly found to be impaired in a variety of ways. Thus a sample of natural speech will contain not only well-formed grammatical sentences-

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