Excision Repair in Mammalian Cells (*)

There are two types of structural anomalies that lead to mutation, a permanent change in DNA sequence. The first class involves normal bases in abnormal sequence context (mismatch, bulge, loop). The second class, which is referred to as DNA damage or DNA lesion, involves abnormal nucleotides (modified, fragmented, cross-linked) in normal sequence context. DNA lesions, in addition to causing mutations, also constitute replication and transcription blocks. Both types of structural anomalies are rectified by a series of enzymatic reactions referred to by the general term DNA repair (1-5). The repair reactions employed for correcting mismatches and lesions are similar in principle. The incorrect or damaged base is removed either as a base (base excision) or as an (oligo)nucleotide (nucleotide excision), the single-stranded gap resulting from the excision reaction is filled in by a polymerase (repair synthesis), and the newly synthesized DNA is ligated. Hence, there are two basic assays for measuring repair (6): the "incision/excision assay" and the "repair synthesis assay."

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