Human Performance in Immersive Virtual Environments: Effects of Exposure Duration, User Control, and Scene Complexity

This study examined human performance on a set of basic tasks representative of human interaction in most virtual environment (VE) systems. The effects of user movement control, exposure duration, and scene complexity on human performance, presence, and sickness were evaluated. The results suggest that to enhance human performance in VEs, providing users with complete control allows for effective performance on both stationary tasks and those requiring head movement only. With tasks involving both head and body movement, however, user movement control should be streamlined to enhance performance and reduce sickness. Presence was found to increase with improved performance; therefore, it may be beneficial to promote presence in VE systems. However, because presence did not increase with prolonged exposure, whereas sickness did, if exposure duration is used as a tool for enhancing presence while decreasing sickness, shorter exposures may prove effective.

[1]  A Graybiel,et al.  A provocative test for grading susceptibility to motion sickness yielding a single numerical score. , 1970, Acta oto-laryngologica. Supplementum.

[2]  F E Guedry,et al.  Comparison of tracking-task performance and nystagmus during sinusoidal oscillation in yaw and pitch. , 1971, Aerospace medicine.

[3]  MOTION SICKNESS AND OTHER VESTIBULO–GASTRIC ILLNESSES , 1975 .

[4]  H. Leibowitz,et al.  Tachygastria and motion sickness. , 1985, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[5]  Vestibular-visual conflict in pitch and yaw planes in the squirrel monkey. , 1986, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[6]  T D Yang,et al.  Motion sickness severity under interaction of vection and head movements. , 1991, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[7]  Yang Td,et al.  Motion sickness severity under interaction of vection and head movements. , 1991 .

[8]  Randy F. Pausch,et al.  A Literature Survey for Virtual Environments: Military Flight Simulator Visual Systems and Simulator Sickness , 1992, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[9]  Gary E. Riccio,et al.  Visually Induced Motion Sickness in Virtual Environments , 1992, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[10]  Robert S. Kennedy,et al.  Simulator Sickness Questionnaire: An enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness. , 1993 .

[11]  M. Mon-Williams,et al.  Binocular vision in a virtual world: visual deficits following the wearing of a head‐mounted display , 1993, Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians.

[12]  Bernard D. Adelstein,et al.  Effect of Head-Slaved Visual Image Roll on Spatial Situation Awareness , 1993 .

[13]  R. Kennedy,et al.  Profile analysis of after-effects experienced during exposure to several virtual reality environments , 1994 .

[14]  John H. Bailey,et al.  Side Effects and Aftereffects of Immersion in Virtual Environments , 1994 .

[15]  K. James,et al.  The Effects of Optic Flow, Proprioception, and Texture on Novice Locomotion in Virtual Environments , 1995 .

[16]  Eugenia M. Kolasinski,et al.  Simulator Sickness in Virtual Environments. , 1995 .

[17]  Lawrence W. Stark,et al.  The Effects of Pictorial Realism, Delay of Visual Feedback, and Observer Interactivity on the Subjective Sense of Presence , 1996, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[18]  Paul B. Kline,et al.  Distance Perception in Virtual Environments: Effects of Field of View and Surface Texture at Near Distances , 1996 .

[19]  Kay M. Stanney,et al.  Postural instability induced by virtual reality exposure: Development of a certification protocol , 1996, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact..

[20]  Gavriel Salvendy,et al.  Design of Computing Systems: Social and Ergonomic Considerations, Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, (HCI International '97), San Francisco, California, USA, August 24-29, 1997, Volume 2 , 1997, HCI.

[21]  Timothy R. Fricke,et al.  Stereopsis, stereotests, and their relation to vision screening and clinical practice , 1997 .

[22]  Robert B. Welch,et al.  The Presence of Aftereffects , 1997, HCI.

[23]  Benjamin Watson,et al.  Managing level of detail through peripheral degradation: effects on search performance with a head-mounted display , 1997, TCHI.

[24]  Kay M. Stanney,et al.  Aftereffects of Virtual Environment Exposure: Psychometric Issues , 1997, HCI.

[25]  James R. Lackner,et al.  Circumventing Side Effects of Immersive Virtual Environments , 1997, HCI.

[26]  Durand R. Begault,et al.  Virtual Environments as Human-Computer Interfaces , 1997 .

[27]  Gavriel Salvendy,et al.  Aftereffects and Sense of Presence in Virtual Environments: Formulation of a Research and Development Agenda , 1998, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact..

[28]  Michael P. Snow,et al.  Empirical Models Based on Free-Modulus Magnitude Estimation of Perceived Presence in Virtual Environments , 1998, Hum. Factors.

[29]  Kay M. Stanney,et al.  Locus of User-Initiated Control in Virtual Environments: Influences on Cybersickness , 1998, Presence.

[30]  Martina Ziefle,et al.  Effects of Display Resolution on Visual Performance , 1998, Hum. Factors.

[31]  Kay M. Stanney,et al.  Aftereffects from Virtual Environment Exposure: How Long do They Last? , 1998 .

[32]  Michael J. Singer,et al.  Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Presence Questionnaire , 1998, Presence.

[33]  Julie M. Drexler,et al.  Motion sickness and proprioceptive aftereffects following virtual environment exposure. , 1999, Applied ergonomics.

[34]  Kay M. Stanney,et al.  Duration and Exposure to Virtual Environments: Sickness Curves During and Across Sessions , 2000, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[35]  D. Pyne,et al.  Training Strategies to Maintain Immunocompetence in Athletes , 2000, International journal of sports medicine.

[36]  E. Cassell,et al.  Preliminary Evidence of Impaired Thinking in Sick Patients , 2001, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[37]  Kay M. Stanney,et al.  What to Expect from Immersive Virtual Environment Exposure: Influences of Gender, Body Mass Index, and Past Experience , 2003, Hum. Factors.

[38]  J. F. Soechting,et al.  Postural readjustments induced by linear motion of visual scenes , 1977, Experimental Brain Research.

[39]  Timothy,et al.  Anatomy and Physiology of the Normal Vestibular System , 2022 .