Preliminary analysis of functions of the temporal lobes in monkeys. 1939.

The behavioral effects of the removal of both temporal lobes, including the uncus and the greater part of the hippocampus, were studied in macaques. The monkeys exhibited the following symptoms: 1) forms of behavior which seem to be indicative of "psychic blindness"; 2) strong oral tendencies in examining available objects (licking, biting gently, chewing, touching with the lips, "smelling"); 3) a strong tendency to attend and react to every visual stimulus ("hypermetamorphosis"); 4) marked changes in emotional behavior or absence of emotional reactions in the sense that the motor and vocal reactions generally associated with anger and fear are not exhibited; and 5) an increase in sexual activity. These symptoms also appeared if the olfactory tracts were cut previous to removing both temporal lobes. Even the oral tendencies, except for the "smelling," were present. The symptoms typical of monkeys with both temporal lobes removed did not appear after 1) bilateral removal of the first temporal convolution; ...