Coenzyme Q 10 was first isolated in 1957 and its chemical structure (benzoquinone compound) was determined in 1958. A large amount of laboratory and animal data on coenzyme Q 10 has accumulated since 1962. Research into cellular energy-producing mechanisms that involve this compound was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1978. Some of the accumulated data show that in animals, coenzyme Q 10 stimulates animal immune systems, leading to higher antibody levels, greater numbers and/or activities of macrophages and T cells (T lymphocytes), and increased resistance to infection. Coenzyme Q 10 has also been reported to increase IgG (immunoglobulin G) antibody levels and to increase the CD4 to CD8 T cell ratio in humans. CD4 and CD8 are proteins found on the surface of T cells, with CD4 and CD8 identifying helper T cells, which stimulates antibody production by B cells, and cytotoxic T cells, respectively;