The liposome‐incorporating cell wall skeleton of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette‐Guéin can directly enhance the susceptibility of cancer cells to lymphokine‐activated killer cells through up‐regulation of natural‐killer group 2, member D ligands

• To conduct a preclinical evaluation of the ability of natural killer cells to cytolyze bladder cancer cells that were modified to show enhanced expression of natural‐killer group 2, member D (NKG2D) ligands by R8‐liposome‐bacillus Calmette‐Guéin (BCG)‐cell wall skeleton (CWS) treatment.

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