The Theory and Practice of Transforming Call-by-need into Call-by-value

Call-by-need (which is an equivalent but more efficient implementation of call-by-name for applicative languages) is quite expensive with current hardware and also does not permit full use of the tricks (such as memo functions and recursion removal) associated with the cheaper call-by-value. However the latter mechanism may fail to terminate for perfectly well-defined equations and also invalidates some program transformation schemata.