Future of distributed modelling

The state of the art of modelling hydrological systems using distributed modelling techniques is discussed and the theoretical problems caused by the heterogeneities always present in field soil systems are emphasized. It is argued that such heterogeneities need to be considered to develop physically based large-scale models applicable at the scale of the numerical discretization blocks. Stochastic approaches seem to provide a rational framework for treating the difficult to characterize spatial variability and for establishing a link between parameter uncertainty and prediction uncertainty. It is emphasized that more research in theory development and testing is required before complete large-scale models are obtained and this had to be carried out jointly with field tests. More research is also required in field measurement techniques to accurately supply the deterministic and statistical parameters required in distributed models.

[1]  Aristotelis Mantoglou,et al.  Capillary tension head variance, mean soil moisture content, and effective specific soil moisture capacity of transient unsaturated flow in stratified soils , 1987 .

[2]  Aristotelis Mantoglou,et al.  Effective hydraulic conductivities of transient unsaturated flow in stratified soils , 1987 .

[3]  Gedeon Dagan,et al.  Unsaturated flow in spatially variable fields: 2. Application of water flow models to various fields , 1983 .

[4]  James C. Bathurst,et al.  Physically-based distributed modelling of an upland catchment using the Systeme Hydrologique Europeen , 1986 .

[5]  Aristotelis Mantoglou.  Large-scale models of transient unsaturated flow and contaminant transport using stochastic methods , 1984 .

[6]  J. Bathurst.  Sensitivity analysis of the Systeme Hydrologique Europeen for an upland catchment , 1986 .

[7]  K. Beven,et al.  Macropores and water flow in soils , 1982 .

[8]  Peter F. Germann,et al.  Approaches to rapid and far-reaching hydrologic processes in the vadose zone , 1988 .

[9]  Gedeon Dagan,et al.  Convective and pore scale dispersive solute transport in unsaturated heterogeneous fields , 1981 .

[10]  Tammo S. Steenhuis,et al.  Wetting front instability: 2. Experimental determination of relationships between system parameters and two‐dimensional unstable flow field behavior in initially dry porous media , 1989 .

[11]  Allan L. Gutjahr,et al.  Stochastic Analysis of Unsaturated Flow in Heterogeneous Soils: 1. Statistically Isotropic Media , 1985 .

[12]  Aristotelis Mantoglou,et al.  Stochastic modeling of large‐scale transient unsaturated flow systems , 1987 .

[13]  G. Dagan.  Solute transport in heterogeneous porous formations , 1984, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[14]  David Russo,et al.  Soil Hydraulic Properties as Stochastic Processes: I. An Analysis of Field Spatial Variability , 1981 .

[15]  D. R. Nielsen,et al.  Spatial variability of field-measured soil-water properties , 1973 .

[16]  E. Sudicky.  A natural gradient experiment on solute transport in a sand aquifer: Spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity and its role in the dispersion process , 1986 .

[17]  Gedeon Dagan,et al.  Analysis of flow through heterogeneous random aquifers: 2. Unsteady flow in confined formations , 1982 .

[18]  Lynn W. Gelhar,et al.  Stochastic subsurface hydrology from theory to applications , 1986 .

[19]  T. Narasimhan,et al.  Numerical model for saturated‐unsaturated flow in deformable porous media: 2. The algorithm , 1977 .

[20]  C. Axness,et al.  Three‐dimensional stochastic analysis of macrodispersion in aquifers , 1983 .

[21]  J. Parlange,et al.  Wetting Front Instability in Layered Soils , 1972 .

[22]  Gedeon Dagan,et al.  Reply [to Comment on Stochastic Modeling of Groundwater Flow by Unconditional and Conditional Prob , 1986 .

[23]  K. Beven,et al.  A physically based model of heterogeneous hillslopes: 2. Effective hydraulic conductivities , 1989 .

[24]  A. Gutjahr,et al.  Stochastic Analysis of Unsaturated Flow in Heterogeneous Soils: 2. Statistically Anisotropic Media With Variable α , 1985 .

[25]  Allan L. Gutjahr,et al.  Stochastic Analysis of Unsaturated Flow in Heterogeneous Soils: 3. Observations and Applications , 1985 .

[26]  Kenneth L. Kipp,et al.  HST3D; a computer code for simulation of heat and solute transport in three-dimensional ground-water flow systems , 1987 .

[27]  Tammo S. Steenhuis,et al.  Wetting front instability: 1. Theoretical discussion and dimensional analysis , 1989 .

[28]  Aristotelis Mantoglou,et al.  A theoretical approach for modeling unsaturated flow in spatially variable soils: Effective flow models in finite domains and nonstationarity , 1992 .

[29]  Keith Beven,et al.  The Institute of Hydrology distributed model , 1987 .

[30]  David Holtz,et al.  Groundwater management, the use of numerical models , 1980 .

[31]  R. Allan Freeze,et al.  Three-Dimensional, Transient, Saturated-Unsaturated Flow in a Groundwater Basin , 1971 .

[32]  Gedeon Dagan,et al.  A Note on Higher‐Order Corrections of the Head Covariances in Steady Aquifer Flow , 1985 .

[33]  Jan W. Hopmans,et al.  Two‐dimensional steady state unsaturated water flow in heterogeneous soils with autocorrelated soil hydraulic properties , 1988 .

[34]  P. E. O'connell,et al.  An introduction to the European Hydrological System — Systeme Hydrologique Europeen, “SHE”, 2: Structure of a physically-based, distributed modelling system , 1986 .

[35]  Allan L. Gutjahr,et al.  Stochastic models of subsurface flow: Log linearized Gaussian models are “exact” for covariances , 1984 .

[36]  Jens Christian Refsgaard,et al.  Spatial Variability of Physical Parameters and Processes in Two Field Soils , 1991 .

[37]  Keith Beven,et al.  A physically based model of heterogeneous hillslopes: 1. Runoff production , 1989 .

[38]  Keith Beven,et al.  Changing ideas in hydrology — The case of physically-based models , 1989 .