Squat, stoop, or something in between?

Abstract This article reviews the empirical and theoretical bases for recommendations regarding lifting technique. Lifting from postures involving extreme lumbar vertebral flexion, (approximately 60° of lumbar flexion, characterised by absence of electromyographical activity in erector spinae) has the potential to contribute to damage to ligaments and intervertebral discs, especially if combined with lateral flexion or rotation. The only appropriate recommendation regarding posture of the lumbar spine during lifting is to avoid postures involving extreme lumbar vertebral flexion (and rotation and lateral flexion). There is no empirical basis for avoiding postures involving moderate lumbar vertebral flexion, and no justification for advocating lifting from a full squat posture. Further, lifting from semi-squat postures, involving a moderate range of flexion at both knees and trunk, allows a pattern of interjoint coordination which appears to be functional in reducing muscular effort. Lifting training is generally ineffective, and there is unlikely to be a single “best” technique which is appropriate in all situations. Consequently, it may be preferable to provide education in general lifting guidelines and assist lifters to discover individually appropriate postures and patterns of movement. The article concludes by presenting recommendations for lifting technique which are justified by current knowledge. Relevance to industry Lifting from a full squat posture is frequently recommended as a means of reducing the likelihood of back injury. This recommendation is not justified, and training of this type should not be provided. Education in the general lifting guidelines provided here may be beneficial.