Comparative Study of Skin Color based Segmentation Techniques

Segmentation is the classification of the input colored image into skin and non-skin pixels based on skin color information. A wide range of applications that require the segmentation process as a preprocessing operation such as computer vision, face/ hand detection and recognition, medical image analysis, and pattern recognition. Color information is one of the simple cues used for detecting skin color, and the use of proper color space to represent color information of an image is a crucial decision. In this literature different segmentation techniques are presented, examples and comparison between the main three based segmentation techniques are given as well. Skin color modeling based statistical model is explained in detail, with discussion the combination with different segmentation techniques. The selection of appropriate segmentation method depends on the application and system environments. The performance of any segmentation algorithm is quantified using some benchmarking such as recall and precision coefficients, or by calculating the percentage of correct and false detection rates according to the complexion of the technique used.

[1]  Tetsushi Wakabayashi,et al.  Extraction of hand region and specification of finger tips from color image , 1997, Proceedings. International Conference on Virtual Systems and MultiMedia VSMM '97 (Cat. No.97TB100182).

[2]  Adilson Gonzaga,et al.  Hand Image Segmentation in Video Sequence by GMM: a comparative analysis , 2006, 2006 19th Brazilian Symposium on Computer Graphics and Image Processing.

[3]  Yuanyuan Liu,et al.  An Improved Algorithm of Hand Gesture Recognition under Intricate Background , 2008, ICIRA.

[4]  Dmitry O. Gorodnichy,et al.  Detection and tracking of pianist hands and fingers , 2006, The 3rd Canadian Conference on Computer and Robot Vision (CRV'06).

[5]  Yi-Ting Huang,et al.  A novel method for detecting lips, eyes and faces in real time , 2003, Real Time Imaging.

[6]  Bir Bhanu,et al.  Adaptive image segmentation using a genetic algorithm , 1989, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.

[7]  Ruiduo Yang,et al.  Segmentation-robust representations, matching, and modeling for sign language , 2011, CVPR 2011 WORKSHOPS.

[8]  Vaishali S. Kulkarni,et al.  Appearance Based Recognition of American Sign Language Using Gesture Segmentation , 2010 .

[9]  Siddhartha Bhattacharyya,et al.  A Brief Survey of Color Image Preprocessing and Segmentation Techniques , 2011 .

[10]  Ruiduo Yang,et al.  Gesture Recognition using Hidden Markov Models from Fragmented Observations , 2006, 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'06).

[11]  Kostas J. Kyriakopoulos,et al.  Gesture Recognition: The Gesture Segmentation Problem , 2000, J. Intell. Robotic Syst..

[12]  Alexander Zelinsky,et al.  Visual gesture interfaces for virtual environments , 2002, Interact. Comput..

[13]  Kanchan S. Deshmukh.  Color image segmentation: a review , 2010, International Conference on Digital Image Processing.

[14]  James M. Rehg,et al.  Statistical Color Models with Application to Skin Detection , 2004, International Journal of Computer Vision.

[15]  Abdesselam Bouzerdoum,et al.  Skin segmentation using color pixel classification: analysis and comparison , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[16]  Linda G. Shapiro,et al.  Computer and Robot Vision , 1991 .

[17]  Nikos Papamarkos,et al.  Hand gesture recognition using a neural network shape fitting technique , 2009, Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell..

[18]  Raimondo Schettini,et al.  Skin segmentation using multiple thresholding , 2006, Electronic Imaging.

[19]  T. Moon.  The expectation-maximization algorithm , 1996, IEEE Signal Process. Mag..

[20]  Ayoub Al-Hamadi,et al.  A Hidden Markov Model-Based Isolated and Meaningful Hand Gesture Recognition , 2008 .

[21]  Thiago R. Trigo,et al.  An Analysis of Features for Hand-Gesture Classification , 2010 .

[22]  Rafiqul Zaman Khan,et al.  Survey on Gesture Recognition for Hand Image Postures , 2012, Comput. Inf. Sci..

[23]  Shaogang Gong,et al.  Modelling facial colour and identity with Gaussian mixtures , 1998, Pattern Recognit..

[24]  Alexander H. Waibel,et al.  Segmenting hands of arbitrary color , 2000, Proceedings Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (Cat. No. PR00580).

[25]  Zhanyi Hu,et al.  Gesture Segmentation from a Video Sequence Using Greedy Similarity Measure , 2006, 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR'06).

[26]  Ayoub Al-Hamadi,et al.  A Hidden Markov Model-based continuous gesture recognition system for hand motion trajectory , 2008, 2008 19th International Conference on Pattern Recognition.

[27]  B. S. Manjunath,et al.  Unsupervised Segmentation of Color-Texture Regions in Images and Video , 2001, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[28]  Shigeru Akamatsu,et al.  Comparative performance of different skin chrominance models and chrominance spaces for the automatic detection of human faces in color images , 2000, Proceedings Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (Cat. No. PR00580).

[29]  Francesco Camastra,et al.  Real-Time Hand Gesture Recognition Using a Color Glove , 2011, ICIAP.

[30]  Qiang Wu,et al.  Microscope Image Processing , 2010 .

[31]  Mokhtar M. Hasan,et al.  Hand Gesture Modeling and Recognition using Geometric Features: A Review , 2012 .

[32]  The Duy Bui,et al.  Automated Posture Segmentation in Continuous Finger Spelling Recognition , 2010, 2010 3rd International Conference on Human-Centric Computing.

[33]  R Farnoush,et al.  Image Segmentation using Gaussian Mixture Model , 2008 .

[34]  Andrius Usinskas,et al.  A SURVEY OF GENETIC ALGORITHMS APPLICATIONS FOR IMAGE ENHANCEMENT AND SEGMENTATION , 2007 .

[35]  Beiji Zou,et al.  Region-Based Segmentation versus Edge Detection , 2009, 2009 Fifth International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing.

[36]  S. E. Ghobadi,et al.  Hand Segmentation Using 2D/3D Images , 2007 .

[37]  V. Radha,et al.  A Topological derivative based image segmentation for sign language recognition system using isotropic filter , 2010, ArXiv.

[38]  Hanqing Lu,et al.  A real-time hand gesture recognition method , 2007, 2011 International Conference on Electronics, Communications and Control (ICECC).

[39]  Narendra Ahuja,et al.  Gaussian mixture model for human skin color and its applications in image and video databases , 1998, Electronic Imaging.

[40]  Abdesselam Bouzerdoum,et al.  A universal and robust human skin color model using neural networks , 2001, IJCNN'01. International Joint Conference on Neural Networks. Proceedings (Cat. No.01CH37222).

[41]  Luc Van Gool,et al.  Haarlet-based hand gesture recognition for 3D interaction , 2009, 2009 Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV).

[42]  Yepeng Guan,et al.  Real-time 3D pointing gesture recognition for natural HCI , 2008, 2008 7th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation.

[43]  Vladimir Vezhnevets,et al.  A Survey on Pixel-Based Skin Color Detection Techniques , 2003 .

[44]  Sankar K. Pal,et al.  A review on image segmentation techniques , 1993, Pattern Recognit..