Associative priming in color naming: interference and facilitation

In Experiment 1, color-naming interference for target stimuli following associated primes was greater in a group making a lexical decision to the prime than in a group reading the prime silently. Highfrequency targets were responded to more quickly than low-frequency targets. In Experiment 2, with subjects naming the prime, there was evidence of associative interference when the prime and the target were grouped temporally but not when the intertrial interval was comparable with the prime-target interval. Associative primes presented at a short (120-msec) prime-target stimulus onset asynchrony facilitated color naming in Experiment 3. Taken together, the results suggest that the effect of faster processing of the base word in a color-naming task is facilitatory and that color-naming priming interference arises when associative prime processing increases conflict between word and color responses by enhancing phonological or articulatory activation of the base word.

[1]  G. S. Klein,et al.  SEMANTIC POWER MEASURED THROUGH THE INTERFERENCE OF WORDS WITH COLOR-NAMING. , 1964, The American journal of psychology.

[2]  James J. Jenkins,et al.  Word Association Norms: Grade School Through College , 1964 .

[3]  Paul Bakan,et al.  Pronounceability, Attensity, and Interference in the Color-Word Test , 1967 .

[4]  H. Kucera,et al.  Computational analysis of present-day American English , 1967 .

[5]  John J. L. Morton,et al.  Interaction of information in word recognition. , 1969 .

[6]  R. Glass,et al.  Effects of reducing the readability of the words in the Stroop Color-Word Test , 1970 .

[7]  L. Postman THE CALIFORNIA NORMS: ASSOCIATION AS A FUNCTION OF WORD FREQUENCY , 1970 .

[8]  R. E. Warren,et al.  Stimulus encoding and memory. , 1972 .

[9]  David A. Wicklund,et al.  Free Association Norms. , 1972 .

[10]  K. Forster,et al.  Lexical Access and Naming Time. , 1973 .

[11]  Carol Conrad,et al.  Context effects in sentence comprehension: A study of the subjective lexicon , 1974, Memory & cognition.

[12]  R. E. Warren,et al.  Association, directionality, and stimulus encoding. , 1974 .

[13]  J. H. Neely Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Roles of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited-capacity attention. , 1977 .

[14]  Ira Fischler,et al.  Associative facilitation without expectancy in a lexical decision task. , 1977 .

[15]  Derek Besner,et al.  Phonological recoding and lexical access , 1978 .

[16]  W. Neill,et al.  Decision processes in selective attention: Response priming in the Stroop color-word task , 1978, Perception & psychophysics.

[17]  C. A. Becker Semantic context and word frequency effects in visual word recognition. , 1979, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[18]  A. Parkin Specifying Levels of Processing , 1979 .

[19]  Mark S. Seidenberg,et al.  Orthographic and phonological activation in auditory and visual word recognition , 1980, Memory & cognition.

[20]  R. Sperber,et al.  Differences in semantic encoding as a function of reading comprehension skill , 1981, Memory & cognition.

[21]  W. Hays,et al.  Statistics (3rd ed.). , 1982 .

[22]  Albert T. Corbett,et al.  Instrument inferences and verb schemata , 1982 .

[23]  M. C. Smith,et al.  The relationship between contextual facilitation and depth of processing. , 1983, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[24]  Lucinda Mcclain Color Priming Affects Stroop Interference , 1983, Perceptual and motor skills.

[25]  Avishai Henik,et al.  The dependence of semantic relatedness effects upon prime processing , 1983, Memory & cognition.

[26]  Gregg C. Oden,et al.  Influence of Context on the Activation and Selection of Ambiguous Word Senses , 1983 .

[27]  Phonological Recoding in Lexical Decision: the Influence of Pseudohomophones , 1983 .

[28]  D Milech,et al.  Common and modality-specific processes in the mental lexicon , 1983, Memory & cognition.

[29]  A. Marcel Conscious and unconscious perception: Experiments on visual masking and word recognition , 1983, Cognitive Psychology.

[30]  K. Forster,et al.  REPETITION PRIMING AND FREQUENCY ATTENUATION IN LEXICAL ACCESS , 1984 .

[31]  D. Balota,et al.  Are lexical decisions a good measure of lexical access? The role of word frequency in the neglected decision stage. , 1984, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[32]  Annette M. B. de Groot,et al.  Word-context effects in word naming and lexical decision , 1985 .

[33]  K. Heyer,et al.  On the nature of the proportion effect in semantic priming , 1985 .

[34]  P. Whitney,et al.  Semantic activation of noun concepts in context. , 1985 .

[35]  C. MacLeod,et al.  Selective processing of threat cues in anxiety states. , 1985, Behaviour research and therapy.

[36]  P. Whitney,et al.  Processing category terms in context: Instantiations as inferences , 1986, Memory & cognition.

[37]  D. Balota,et al.  Locus of inhibition effects in the priming of lexical decisions: pre- or postlexical access? , 1986, Memory & cognition.

[38]  F P McKenna,et al.  Colour naming of phobia-related words. , 1986, British journal of psychology.

[39]  Dennis Norris,et al.  Word recognition: Context effects without priming , 1986, Cognition.

[40]  Raymond M. Klein,et al.  On the generality of Becker's verification model. , 1987 .

[41]  Jeanette Altarriba,et al.  Depth of spreading activation revisited: Semantic mediated priming occurs in lexical decisions , 1988 .

[42]  Glyn W. Humphreys,et al.  Event perception and the word repetition effect , 1988 .

[43]  K. Mogg,et al.  Selective processing of threat cues in anxiety states: a replication. , 1989, Behaviour research and therapy.

[44]  S. Andrews Frequency and neighborhood effects on lexical access: Activation or search? , 1989 .

[45]  James L. McClelland,et al.  A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming. , 1989, Psychological review.

[46]  J. H. Neely,et al.  Semantic priming in the pronunciation task: The role of prospective prime-generated expectancies , 1990, Memory & cognition.

[47]  Mark S. Seidenberg,et al.  The basis of consistency effects in word naming , 1990 .

[48]  James L. McClelland,et al.  On the control of automatic processes: a parallel distributed processing account of the Stroop effect. , 1990, Psychological review.

[49]  Michael Garman,et al.  Psycholinguistics: Accessing the mental lexicon , 1990 .

[50]  Colin M. Macleod Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: an integrative review. , 1991, Psychological bulletin.

[51]  J. H. Neely Semantic priming effects in visual word recognition: A selective review of current findings and theories. , 1991 .

[52]  C M Herdman,et al.  Attentional resource demands of visual word recognition in naming and lexical decisions. , 1992, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[53]  James L. McClelland,et al.  A parallel distributed processing approach to automaticity. , 1992, The American journal of psychology.

[54]  C MacLeod,et al.  Anxiety and the selective processing of emotional information: mediating roles of awareness, trait and state variables, and personal relevance of stimulus materials. , 1992, Behaviour research and therapy.

[55]  Randi C. Martin,et al.  How semantic is automatic semantic priming , 1992 .

[56]  J. Stroop Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. , 1992 .

[57]  M. Humphreys,et al.  Associative priming in perceptual identification: Effects of prime-processing requirements , 1993, Memory & cognition.

[58]  Jonathan D. Cohen,et al.  Progress in the use of interactive models for understanding attention and performance , 1994 .

[59]  J. S. Burt Identity Primes Produce Facilitation in a Colour Naming Task , 1994 .

[60]  Veronica J. Dark,et al.  Semantic matching, response mode, and response mapping as contributors to retroactive and proactive priming , 1995 .

[61]  D E Kieras,et al.  A computational theory of executive cognitive processes and multiple-task performance: Part 1. Basic mechanisms. , 1997, Psychological review.