PUFchain: A Hardware-Assisted Blockchain for Sustainable Simultaneous Device and Data Security in the Internet of Everything (IoE)

This article presents the first-ever blockchain that can simultaneously handle device and data security, which is important for the emerging Internet-of-Everything (IoE). It presents a unique concept of blockchain that integrates hardware security primitives called physical unclonable functions (PUFs) to solve scalability, latency, and energy requirement challenges and is called PUFchain. This article also introduces a new consensus algorithm called “Proof of PUF-Enabled Authentication” (PoP) for deployment in PUFchain. PoP is 1000 times faster than the well-established proof-of-work (PoW) and 5 times faster than proof-of-authentication (PoAh).

[1]  Weisong Shi,et al.  Edge Computing: Vision and Challenges , 2016, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[2]  Bhaskar Krishnamachari,et al.  SmartEdge: A Smart Contract for Edge Computing , 2018, 2018 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData).

[3]  Mark Mohammad Tehranipoor,et al.  An Aging-Resistant RO-PUF for Reliable Key Generation , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing.

[4]  Satoshi Nakamoto.  Bitcoin : A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System , 2009 .

[5]  Towards a definition of the Internet of Things ( IoT ) , 2015 .

[6]  Deepak Puthal,et al.  PMsec: Physical Unclonable Function-Based Robust and Lightweight Authentication in the Internet of Medical Things , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics.

[7]  Nicholas Kolokotronis,et al.  Secured by Blockchain: Safeguarding Internet of Things Devices , 2019, IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine.

[8]  Albert Y. Zomaya,et al.  Building a Sustainable Internet of Things: Energy-Efficient Routing Using Low-Power Sensors Will Meet the Need , 2018, IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine.

[9]  Keshab K. Parhi,et al.  Statistical Analysis of MUX-Based Physical Unclonable Functions , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems.

[10]  Zibin Zheng,et al.  An Overview of Blockchain Technology: Architecture, Consensus, and Future Trends , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Congress on Big Data (BigData Congress).

[11]  Deepak Puthal,et al.  Everything You Wanted to Know About the Blockchain: Its Promise, Components, Processes, and Problems , 2018, IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine.

[12]  Saraju P. Mohanty,et al.  Everything You Wanted to Know about Smart Health Care: Evaluating the Different Technologies and Components of the Internet of Things for Better Health , 2018, IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine.

[13]  Mauro Conti,et al.  A Survey on Security and Privacy Issues of Bitcoin , 2017, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[14]  Meng Zhang,et al.  Trustworthiness of Medical Devices and Body Area Networks , 2014, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[15]  A. A. Ivaniuk,et al.  Reliable and Modeling Attack Resistant Authentication of Arbiter PUF in FPGA Implementation With Trinary Quadruple Response , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security.

[16]  Saraju P. Mohanty,et al.  Process Variation Analysis and Optimization of a FinFET-Based VCO , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing.

[17]  Yue Cao,et al.  Blockchain based permission delegation and access control in Internet of Things (BACI) , 2019, Comput. Secur..

[18]  Mahdi H. Miraz,et al.  A review on Internet of Things (IoT), Internet of Everything (IoE) and Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) , 2015, 2015 Internet Technologies and Applications (ITA).

[19]  Hongfang Lu,et al.  Blockchain Technology in the Oil and Gas Industry: A Review of Applications, Opportunities, Challenges, and Risks , 2019, IEEE Access.

[20]  Saraju P. Mohanty,et al.  Everything You Wanted to Know About PUFs , 2017, IEEE Potentials.

[21]  Chun-Wei Tsai,et al.  Toward Blockchains for Health-Care Systems: Applying the Bilinear Pairing Technology to Ensure Privacy Protection and Accuracy in Data Sharing , 2018, IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine.

[22]  Alexandru Stanciu,et al.  Blockchain Based Distributed Control System for Edge Computing , 2017, 2017 21st International Conference on Control Systems and Computer Science (CSCS).

[23]  Daniel Minoli,et al.  IoT security (IoTSec) considerations, requirements, and architectures , 2017, 2017 14th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC).

[24]  Zhong Chen,et al.  On Scaling and Accelerating Decentralized Private Blockchains , 2017, 2017 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Big Data Security on Cloud (BigDataSecurity), IEEE International Conference on High Performance and Smart Computing, (HPSC) and IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Data and Security (IDS).

[25]  Mehmet A. Orgun,et al.  A Proof-of-Trust Consensus Protocol for Enhancing Accountability in Crowdsourcing Services , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Services Computing.

[26]  Arda Yurdakul,et al.  Designing a Blockchain-Based IoT With Ethereum, Swarm, and LoRa: The Software Solution to Create High Availability With Minimal Security Risks , 2018, IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine.

[27]  Jong-Hyouk Lee,et al.  Rise of Anonymous Cryptocurrencies: Brief Introduction , 2019, IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine.

[28]  G. Edward Suh,et al.  Physical Unclonable Functions for Device Authentication and Secret Key Generation , 2007, 2007 44th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference.

[29]  Fabrizio Lamberti,et al.  Blockchains Can Work for Car Insurance: Using Smart Contracts and Sensors to Provide On-Demand Coverage , 2018, IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine.

[30]  Deepak Puthal,et al.  Proof of Authentication: IoT-Friendly Blockchains , 2019, IEEE Potentials.

[31]  Ying Zhao,et al.  EdgeChain: An Edge-IoT Framework and Prototype Based on Blockchain and Smart Contracts , 2018, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[32]  Genshe Chen,et al.  BlendCAC: A BLockchain-Enabled Decentralized Capability-Based Access Control for IoTs , 2018, 2018 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData).

[33]  Amir Herzberg,et al.  Blockchain Access Privacy: Challenges and Directions , 2018, IEEE Security & Privacy.

[34]  David Schwartz,et al.  The Ripple Protocol Consensus Algorithm , 2014 .

[35]  John Ross Wallrabenstein.  Practical and Secure IoT Device Authentication Using Physical Unclonable Functions , 2016, 2016 IEEE 4th International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud (FiCloud).

[36]  Sunny King,et al.  PPCoin: Peer-to-Peer Crypto-Currency with Proof-of-Stake , 2012 .

[37]  Victor I. Chang,et al.  Applicability of Big Data Techniques to Smart Cities Deployments , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[38]  Saraju P. Mohanty,et al.  Making use of semiconductor manufacturing process variations: FinFET-based physical unclonable functions for efficient security integration in the IoT , 2017 .

[39]  Deepak Puthal,et al.  The Blockchain as a Decentralized Security Framework , 2018 .

[40]  Jinan Fiaidhi,et al.  Internet of Everything as a Platform for Extreme Automation , 2019, IT Professional.

[41]  Zhenglin Liu,et al.  A Novel Security Key Generation Method for SRAM PUF Based on Fourier Analysis , 2018, IEEE Access.

[42]  Yue Jiang,et al.  FPGA-based RO PUF with low overhead and high stability , 2019 .

[43]  Mianxiong Dong,et al.  Learning IoT in Edge: Deep Learning for the Internet of Things with Edge Computing , 2018, IEEE Network.

[44]  Saraju P. Mohanty,et al.  Making Use of Manufacturing Process Variations: A Dopingless Transistor Based-PUF for Hardware-Assisted Security , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing.

[45]  Garrett S. Rose,et al.  Foundations of memristor based PUF architectures , 2013, 2013 IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Nanoscale Architectures (NANOARCH).

[46]  Osnat Keren,et al.  A Method to Improve Reliability in a 65-nm SRAM PUF Array , 2018, IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters.

[47]  Debdeep Mukhopadhyay,et al.  A Multiplexer-Based Arbiter PUF Composition with Enhanced Reliability and Security , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Computers.

[48]  Priyadarsi Nanda,et al.  Proof-of-Authentication for Scalable Blockchain in Resource-Constrained Distributed Systems , 2019, 2019 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE).

[49]  Hui Li,et al.  Proof of Vote: A High-Performance Consensus Protocol Based on Vote Mechanism & Consortium Blockchain , 2017, 2017 IEEE 19th International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications; IEEE 15th International Conference on Smart City; IEEE 3rd International Conference on Data Science and Systems (HPCC/SmartCity/DSS).

[50]  Björn Scheuermann,et al.  Bitcoin and Beyond: A Technical Survey on Decentralized Digital Currencies , 2016, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[51]  Dimitrios Tzovaras,et al.  A Blockchain Platform in Connected Medical-Device Environments: Trustworthy technology to guard against cyberthreats , 2019, IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine.

[52]  Saraju P. Mohanty.  Security-Smart is of Paramount Importance for Autonomous Vehicles , 2019, IEEE Consumer Electron. Mag..