Citizen Journalism

This article reviews the state of research on citizen journalism over the past decade. The key areas covered include the ways traditional journalism has responded to this phenomenon from its early criticisms and later clumsy embrace of citizen content; the promises and perils of hyper-local citizen journalism; the intersections of social media tools and individual citizen content creators such as those on blogs and Twitter; citizen journalism in the hands of activists; and the conditions for citizen reporting in authoritarian contexts. The article ends with recommendations for future research.

[1]  Michael Karlsson,et al.  “Random acts of journalism?”: How citizen journalists tell the news in Sweden , 2015, New Media Soc..

[2]  C. W. Anderson.  Rebuilding the News: Metropolitan Journalism in the Digital Age , 2013 .

[3]  Omar Al-Ghazzi.  “Citizen Journalism” in the Syrian Uprising: Problematizing Western Narratives in a Local Context , 2014 .

[4]  Gaye Tuchman,et al.  WHEN INNOVATION MEETS LEGACY , 2012 .

[5]  Henrik Örnebring.  Anything you can do, I can do better? Professional journalists on citizen journalism in six European countries , 2013 .

[6]  D. Harte,et al.  The Value of UK Hyperlocal Community News , 2015 .

[7]  Sue Robinson,et al.  'If you had been with us': mainstream press and citizen journalists jockey for authority over the collective memory of Hurricane Katrina , 2009, New Media Soc..

[8]  Neil Thurman,et al.  Forums for citizen journalists? Adoption of user generated content initiatives by online news media , 2008, New Media Soc..

[9]  D. Chung,et al.  When citizens meet both professional and citizen journalists: Social trust, media credibility, and perceived journalistic roles among online community news readers , 2012 .

[10]  J. Singer,et al.  “Comment Is Free, but Facts Are Sacred”: User-generated Content and Ethical Constructs at the Guardian , 2009 .

[11]  M. Pantti,et al.  The Media Work of Syrian Diaspora Activists: Brokering Between the Protest and Mainstream Media , 2013 .

[12]  Sharon Meraz,et al.  Is There an Elite Hold? Traditional Media to Social Media Agenda Setting Influence in Blog Networks , 2009, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[13]  Seungahn Nah,et al.  Patch.com , 2014 .

[14]  Claire Wardle,et al.  Beyond user-generated content: a production study examining the ways in which UGC is used at the BBC , 2010 .

[15]  Aaron S. Veenstra,et al.  Twitter as “a journalistic substitute”? Examining #wiunion tweeters’ behavior and self-perception , 2015 .

[16]  Gada Mahrouse.  The Compelling Story of the White/Western Activist in the War Zone: Examining Race, Neutrality, and Exceptionalism in Citizen Journalism , 2009 .

[17]  M. Foucault,et al.  Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault , 1988 .

[18]  M. Wall,et al.  Syrian Citizen Journalism , 2015 .

[19]  Oliver Quiring,et al.  Between idiosyncratic self-interests and professional standards: A contribution to the understanding of participatory journalism in Web 2.0. Results from an online survey in Germany , 2010 .

[20]  M. Pantti,et al.  Transparency and Trustworthiness : Strategies for Incorporating Amateur Photography into News Discourse , 2011 .

[21]  Sue Robinson,et al.  CITIZEN JOURNALISTS AND THEIR THIRD PLACES , 2011 .

[22]  Terry Flew,et al.  Journalism as social networking: The Australian youdecide project and the 2007 federal election , 2008 .

[23]  Homero Gil de Zúñiga.  Blogs, journalism, and political participation , 2009 .

[24]  D. Murthy.  Twitter: Social Communication in the Twitter Age , 2013 .

[25]  Zvi Reich,et al.  HOW CITIZENS CREATE NEWS STORIES , 2008 .

[26]  Axel Bruns,et al.  PREPARING FOR AN AGE OF PARTICIPATORY NEWS , 2007 .

[27]  Zizi Papacharissi,et al.  The Citizen is the Message: Alternative Modes of Civic Engagement , 2009 .

[28]  N. Usher.  Professional Journalists, Hands Off! Citizen Journalism as Civic Responsibility , 2011 .

[29]  M. Tremayne,et al.  The Gendered Blogosphere: Examining Inequality using Network and Feminist Theory , 2006 .

[30]  M. Deuze,et al.  Indymedia Journalism , 2003 .

[31]  Henrik Örnebring,et al.  USER-GENERATED CONTENT AND THE NEWS , 2011 .

[32]  D. Jupiter.  Anything you can do I can do better. , 2014, The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons.

[33]  Bolette B. Blaagaard.  Shifting boundaries: Objectivity, citizen journalism and tomorrow’s journalists , 2013 .

[34]  Lily Canter.  The source, the resource and the collaborator: The role of citizen journalism in local UK newspapers , 2013 .

[35]  Zizi Papacharissi,et al.  Journalism and citizenship : new agendas in communication , 2009 .

[36]  D. Moyo,et al.  CITIZEN JOURNALISM AND THE PARALLEL MARKET OF INFORMATION IN ZIMBABWE'S 2008 ELECTION , 2009 .

[37]  P. Bakker,et al.  The Hyperlocal In Practice , 2014 .

[38]  M. Sienkiewicz.  Start making sense: a three-tier approach to citizen journalism , 2014 .

[39]  S. Lewis.  THE TENSION BETWEEN PROFESSIONAL CONTROL AND OPEN PARTICIPATION , 2012 .

[40]  Sue Robinson,et al.  ‘Anyone can know’: Citizen journalism and the interpretive community of the mainstream press , 2011 .

[41]  Stephen Lacy,et al.  CITIZEN JOURNALISM SITES AS INFORMATION SUBSTITUTES AND COMPLEMENTS FOR UNITED STATES NEWSPAPER COVERAGE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS , 2013 .

[42]  G. T. Johnson.  Spaces of Conflict, Sounds of Solidarity: Music, Race, and Spatial Entitlement in Los Angeles , 2013 .

[43]  José Sanders,et al.  Expecting reciprocity: Towards a model of the participants’ perspective on participatory journalism , 2016, New Media Soc..

[44]  David M . Ryfe and Donica Mensing.  Citizen Journalism in a Historical Frame , 2009 .

[45]  G. Berger.  Empowering the youth as citizen journalists: A South African experience 1 , 2011 .

[46]  Piet J. M. Bakker,et al.  Misfortunes, memories and sunsets , 2009 .

[47]  Neil Thurman,et al.  A CLASH OF CULTURES , 2008 .

[48]  Melissa Wall,et al.  Embedding content from Syrian citizen journalists: The rise of the collaborative news clip , 2015 .

[49]  A. Bruns,et al.  Building Spaces for Hyperlocal Citizen Journalism , 2008 .

[50]  Sue Robinson,et al.  “Journalism as Process”: The Organizational Implications of Participatory Online News , 2011 .

[51]  Serena Carpenter,et al.  How Online Citizen Journalism Publications and Online Newspapers Utilize the Objectivity Standard and Rely on External Sources , 2008 .

[52]  A. Hermida.  #JOURNALISM: Reconfiguring journalism research about Twitter, one tweet at a time , 2013 .

[53]  Matthew Barnidge,et al.  Cynics and Skeptics , 2014 .

[54]  Shahira S Fahmy,et al.  Gatekeeping and citizen journalism: The use of social media during the recent uprisings in Iran, Egypt, and Libya , 2013 .

[55]  A. Bruns,et al.  Blogs, Twitter, and breaking news: The produsage of citizen journalism , 2012 .

[56]  Serena Carpenter,et al.  A study of content diversity in online citizen journalism and online newspaper articles , 2010, New Media Soc..

[57]  B. Zelizer.  On the shelf life of democracy in journalism scholarship , 2013 .

[58]  Sean Aday,et al.  Arab Spring Watching From Afar : Media Consumption Patterns Around the Arab Spring , 2013 .

[59]  J. Nip,et al.  EXPLORING THE SECOND PHASE OF PUBLIC JOURNALISM1 , 2006 .

[60]  C. Bazerman.  Series editor's preface , 2012, Howard Jacobson.

[61]  Lindsay Palmer.  “iReporting” an Uprising , 2013 .

[62]  Q Stevens,et al.  Tying down loose space , 2006 .

[63]  Farooq A Kperogi,et al.  Cooperation with the corporation? CNN and the hegemonic cooptation of citizen journalism through iReport.com , 2011, New Media Soc..

[64]  Claire Wardle,et al.  Amateur Footage: A Global Study of User-Generated Content , 2014 .

[65]  Panagiotis Takis Metaxas,et al.  The rise and the fall of a citizen reporter , 2013, WebSci.

[66]  Xin Xin,et al.  THE IMPACT OF “CITIZEN JOURNALISM” ON CHINESE MEDIA AND SOCIETY , 2010 .

[67]  Ignacio Siles,et al.  Web Technologies of the Self: The Arising of the "Blogger" Identity , 2012, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[68]  Luke Goode,et al.  Social news, citizen journalism and democracy , 2009, New Media Soc..

[69]  Keith N. Hampton,et al.  The Social Life of Wireless Urban Spaces: Internet Use, Social Networks, and the Public Realm , 2010, Public Space Reader.

[70]  M. Pantti,et al.  Re-imagining crisis reporting: Professional ideology of journalists and citizen eyewitness images , 2013 .

[71]  E. Thorson,et al.  Citizen Journalism Web Sites Complement Newspapers , 2010 .

[72]  Danah Boyd,et al.  The new war correspondents: the rise of civic media curation in urban warfare , 2013, CSCW.