Polymeric insulation materials for HVDC cables: Development, challenges and future perspective

Extruded polymeric HVDC cables have drawn great attention in modern power systems. This paper reviews the history and development of the polymeric HVDC cables and summarizes the key technical problems in extruded HVDC cables. It is pointed out that two key issues should be solved. One is the electric field inversion within HVDC cable insulation which is caused by the temperature and electric field dependent DC volume resistivity of the polymeric insulation materials. The other is the space charge behavior under multi-fields coupling, including charge injection, transportation, accumulation and dissipation characteristics. The following aspects need to be particularly concerned in the future: the interaction between temperature, electric field, space charge and DC volume resistivity under multi-fields coupling; mechanisms of nanoparticles doping on enhancing the properties of polymeric insulation material; the long-term operation characteristics of nanodielectrics; collaborative optimal regulation methods and theories on the properties of polymeric insulation material; and recyclable insulation materials for future HVDC cables.

[1]  Jun Hu,et al.  Thermoplastic polypropylene/aluminum nitride nanocomposites with enhanced thermal conductivity and low dielectric loss , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.

[2]  B. Dang,et al.  Mechanism of highly improved electrical properties in polypropylene by chemical modification of grafting maleic anhydride , 2016 .

[3]  Jinliang He,et al.  Mesoporous Nano-Silica Serves as the Degradation Inhibitor in Polymer Dielectrics , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[4]  B. Dang,et al.  Titanium oxide nanoparticle increases shallow traps to suppress space charge accumulation in polypropylene dielectrics , 2016 .

[5]  B. Dang,et al.  Large improvement in trap level and space charge distribution of polypropylene by enhancing the crystalline − amorphous interface effect in blends , 2016 .

[6]  B. Dang,et al.  Surface-modified MgO nanoparticle enhances the mechanical and direct-current electrical characteristics of polypropylene/polyolefin elastomer nanodielectrics , 2016 .

[7]  Zhi-Min Dang,et al.  Preparation, microstructure and properties of polyethylene/alumina nanocomposites for HVDC insulation , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.

[8]  Zhi-Min Dang,et al.  A remarkable suppression on space charge in isotatic polypropylene by inducing the β-crystal formation , 2015 .

[9]  T. Jackson,et al.  Flexible high-temperature dielectric materials from polymer nanocomposites , 2015, Nature.

[10]  Kai Wu,et al.  Mechanism of space charge accumulation in crosslinked polyethylene under temperature gradient , 2015, 2015 IEEE 11th International Conference on the Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials (ICPADM).

[11]  Chen Guanghui,et al.  Dielectric behaviors of recyclable thermo-plastic polyolefin blends for extruded cables , 2015, 2015 IEEE 11th International Conference on the Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials (ICPADM).

[12]  Jun Hu,et al.  Influence of functionalized MgO nanoparticles on electrical properties of polyethylene nanocomposites , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.

[13]  Jun Hu,et al.  Evaluation of polypropylene/polyolefin elastomer blends for potential recyclable HVDC cable insulation applications , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.

[14]  Villgot Englund,et al.  A New Application Area for Fullerenes: Voltage Stabilizers for Power Cable Insulation , 2015, Advanced materials.

[15]  B. Dang,et al.  Tailored sPP/Silica Nanocomposite for Ecofriendly Insulation of Extruded HVDC Cable , 2015 .

[16]  A. Satapathy,et al.  Effects of aluminium nitride inclusions on thermal and electrical properties of epoxy and polypropylene: An experimental investigation , 2014 .

[17]  T. Maeno,et al.  Breakdown processes in low density polyethylene and cross-linked polyethylene under DC high stress , 2014, Proceedings of 2014 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials.

[18]  Jianying Li,et al.  Physicochemical origin of space charge dynamics for aged XLPE cable insulation , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.

[19]  H. Zhang,et al.  Dielectric properties of nanosilica/low-density polyethylene composites: The surface chemistry of nanoparticles and deep traps induced by nanoparticles , 2014 .

[20]  É. David,et al.  Polymer nanocomposites-major conclusions and achievements reached so far , 2013, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine.

[21]  Giovanni Mazzanti,et al.  Extruded Cables For High-Voltage Direct-Current Transmission , 2013 .

[22]  G. Teyssedre,et al.  Charge dynamics and its energetic features in polymeric materials , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.

[23]  C. Zhi,et al.  Large-surface-area BN nanosheets and their utilization in polymeric composites with improved thermal and dielectric properties , 2012, Nanoscale Research Letters.

[24]  Yi Wang,et al.  Investigation of electrical properties of LDPE/ZnO nanocomposite dielectrics , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.

[25]  X. Chen,et al.  Effect of voltage reversal on space charge and transient field in LDPE films under temperature gradient , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.

[26]  G. Chen,et al.  Analysis of space charge formation in LDPE in the presence of crosslinking byproducts , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.

[27]  W. Xuan,et al.  DC conduction properties of SiO2/LDPE nanocomposite , 2012, 2012 IEEE 10th International Conference on the Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials.

[28]  Xingyi Huang,et al.  A review of dielectric polymer composites with high thermal conductivity , 2011, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine.

[29]  Alun S. Vaughan,et al.  An investigation of the potential of polypropylene and its blends for use in recyclable high voltage cable insulation systems , 2011 .

[30]  Wenying Zhou.  Thermal and dielectric properties of the AlN particles reinforced linear low-density polyethylene composites , 2011 .

[31]  X Chen,et al.  Space charge measurement in LPDE films under temperature gradient and DC stress , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.

[32]  Gian Montanari,et al.  Bringing an insulation to failure: The role of space charge , 2010, 2010 Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectic Phenomena.

[33]  Y. Ohki,et al.  Space charge behavior in multi-layered dielectrics with LDPE and LDPE/MgO nanocomposites , 2010, 2010 10th IEEE International Conference on Solid Dielectrics.

[34]  A. Vaughan,et al.  An investigation of the potential of ethylene vinyl acetate/polyethylene blends for use in recyclable high voltage cable insulation systems , 2010 .

[35]  M. Labardi,et al.  Local dielectric spectroscopy of nanocomposite materials interfaces , 2009, 0911.1655.

[36]  T. Tanaka,et al.  Nanocomposites-a review of electrical treeing and breakdown , 2009, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine.

[37]  Hu Xue-hao,et al.  Smart Grid——A Development Trend of Future Power Grid , 2009 .

[38]  Y. Murata,et al.  Investigation of space charge distribution and volume resistivity of XLPE/MgO nanocomposite material under DC voltage application , 2008, 2008 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials (ISEIM 2008).

[39]  G. Chen,et al.  Space charge formation and its modified electric field under applied voltage reversal and temperature gradient in XLPE cable , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.

[40]  R. N. Hampton,et al.  Feature article - Some of the considerations for materials operating under high-voltage, direct- current stresses , 2008, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine.

[41]  C. Green,et al.  Structure property relationships in polyethylene/montmorillonite nanodielectrics , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.

[42]  T. Takada,et al.  Space charge trapping in electrical potential well caused by permanent and induced dipoles for LDPE/MgO nanocomposite , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.

[43]  L. Schadler,et al.  The mechanisms leading to the useful electrical properties of polymer nanodielectrics , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.

[44]  Y. Murata,et al.  DC conduction and electrical breakdown of MgO/LDPE nanocomposite , 2007, 2007 Annual Report - Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena.

[45]  Jesper Nygård,et al.  Mapping of individual carbon nanotubes in polymer/nanotube composites using electrostatic force microscopy , 2007 .

[46]  M.P. Bahrman,et al.  The ABCs of HVDC transmission technologies , 2007, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine.

[47]  R. N. Hampton,et al.  The role of degassing in XLPE power cable manufacture , 2006, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine.

[48]  S. Boggs,et al.  Thermal and mechanical properties of EPR and XLPE cable compounds , 2006, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine.

[49]  Y. Murata,et al.  Space Charge Formation in LDPE/MgO Nano-composite Thin Film under Ultra-high DC Electric Stress , 2006, 2006 IEEE 8th International Conference on Properties & applications of Dielectric Materials.

[50]  G. Mazzanti,et al.  Electrical aging and life models: the role of space charge , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.

[51]  T. Tanaka,et al.  Dielectric nanocomposites with insulating properties , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.

[52]  R. Fleming,et al.  Electrical conductivity and space charge in LDPE containing TiO/sub 2/ nanoparticles , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.

[53]  Y. Ohki,et al.  Proposal of a multi-core model for polymer nanocomposite dielectrics , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.

[54]  Y. Murata,et al.  Investigation of electrical phenomena of inorganic-filler/LDPE nanocomposite material , 2005, Proceedings of 2005 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials, 2005. (ISEIM 2005)..

[55]  Mark Voorneveld,et al.  Preparation , 2018, Games Econ. Behav..

[56]  M. Fu,et al.  Dielectric properties of epoxy nanocomposites containing TiO/sub 2/, Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ and ZnO fillers , 2004, The 17th Annual Meeting of the IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society, 2004. LEOS 2004..

[57]  T. Lewis.  Interfaces are the dominant feature of dielectrics at the nanometric level , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.

[58]  K. Younsi,et al.  The future of nanodielectrics in the electrical power industry , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.

[59]  J. Jonsson,et al.  A study on the origin of space charge accumulation in polymeric HVDC cables , 2004, Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Conference on Solid Dielectrics, 2004. ICSD 2004..

[60]  J. Fothergill,et al.  Internal charge behaviour of nanocomposites , 2004 .

[61]  J. Fothergill,et al.  Dielectric Properties of Epoxy Nanocomposites containing TiO2, Al2O3 and ZnO fillers , 2004 .

[62]  N. Hirai,et al.  Roles of cumyl alcohol and crosslinked structure in homo-charge trapping in crosslinked polyethylene , 2003, 2003 Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena.

[63]  G. Montanari,et al.  Electrical properties of polymer nanocomposites based upon organophilic layered silicates , 2003, 2003 Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena.

[64]  D. Tu,et al.  Effect of space charge in nanocomposite of LDPE/TiO/sub 2/ , 2003, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials (Cat. No.03CH37417).

[65]  K. W. Barber,et al.  A general review of polymeric insulation for use in HVDC cables , 2003 .

[66]  T. Tanaka,et al.  Chemical group in crosslinking byproducts responsible for charge trapping in polyethylene , 2002, Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena.

[67]  Katsumi Yoshino,et al.  The application of novel polypropylene to the insulation of electric power cable , 2002, IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exhibition.

[68]  Gian Carlo Montanari,et al.  Space-charge trapping and conduction in LDPE, HDPE and XLPE , 2001 .

[69]  Nicholas Quirke,et al.  Molecular modeling of electron traps in polymer insulators: Chemical defects and impurities , 2001 .

[70]  T. Lewis,et al.  The physico-chemical origins and nature of space charge in insulating solids under electrical stress , 2001, ICSD'01. Proceedings of the 20001 IEEE 7th International Conference on Solid Dielectrics (Cat. No.01CH37117).

[71]  S Serra,et al.  Space-charge trapping and conduction in LDPE, HDPE and XLPE , 2001 .

[72]  T. Mizutani,et al.  Space charge behavior in low-density polyethylene , 2000 .

[73]  Y. Sekii,et al.  The influence of additives on the space charge formation and charge profiles in XLPE , 2000, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials (Cat. No.00CH36347).

[74]  R. Li,et al.  Brittle–tough transition in PP/EPDM blends: effects of interparticle distance and tensile deformation speed , 2000 .

[75]  A. Peacock.  Handbook of Polyethylene: Structures: Properties, and Applications , 2000 .

[76]  Thomas J. Pinnavaia,et al.  Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: an overview , 1999 .

[77]  R. Fleming.  Space charge in polymers, particularly polyethylene , 1999 .

[78]  Jung-Pyo Hong,et al.  Measurement of hardness, surface potential, and charge distribution with dynamic contact mode electrostatic force microscope , 1999 .

[79]  Min-Koo Han,et al.  Direct Correlation between Space Charge and Conduction Characteristics of Low-density Polyethylene at Various Temperature , 1998 .

[80]  P.H.F. Morshuis,et al.  Electric fields in HVDC paper-insulated cables , 1998 .

[81]  T. Okamoto,et al.  Space charge behavior in XLPE cable insulation under 0.2-1.2 MV/cm dc fields , 1998 .

[82]  R. Coelho,et al.  Charge buildup in lossy dielectrics with induced inhomogeneities , 1997 .

[83]  M. Salah Khalil,et al.  International research and development trends and problems of HVDC cables with polymeric insulation , 1997 .

[84]  N. Ahmed,et al.  Review of space charge measurements in dielectrics , 1997 .

[85]  Alun S. Vaughan,et al.  Structure–property relationships in polyethylene blends: the effect of morphology on electrical breakdown strength , 1997 .

[86]  Bernard Aladenize,et al.  On the intrinsic space charge in a DC power cable , 1997 .

[87]  Jacques Lewiner,et al.  Evidence of strong correlation between space-charge buildup and breakdown in cable insulation , 1996 .

[88]  K. Suh,et al.  Charge distribution in polyethylene/ethylene vinylacetate laminates and blends , 1996 .

[89]  A. Peclersent.  Space Charge Fields in DC Cables , 1996 .

[90]  Jung-Ki Park,et al.  Space charge and electrical conduction in Maleic Anhydride-grafted polyethylene , 1995, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.

[91]  T. Okamoto,et al.  Direct observation of time-dependent space charge profiles in XLPE cable under high electric fields , 1994 .

[92]  T. Lewis.  Nanometric dielectrics , 1994 .

[93]  Teruyoshi Mizutani,et al.  Space charge measurement techniques and space charge in polyethylene , 1994 .

[94]  M. Brown,et al.  Compounding of ethylene-propylene polymers for electrical applications , 1994, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine.

[95]  Miyata Hiroyuki,et al.  Development of New Polymer Insulating Materials for HV DC Cable (Part 2) , 1992 .

[96]  W. G. Chadband.  Electrical Degradation and Breakdown in Polymers , 1992 .

[97]  John C. Fothergill,et al.  Electrical degradation and breakdown in polymers , 1992 .

[98]  T. Takahashi,et al.  New insulating materials for HV DC cables , 1989, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics.

[99]  T. Lewis.  The Role of Electrodes in Conduction and Breakdown Phenomena in Solid Dielectrics , 1984, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation.

[100]  M. Ieda.  Electrical Conduction and Carrier Traps in Polymeric Materials , 1983, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation.

[101]  Masayuki Ieda,et al.  Dielectric Breakdown Process of Polymers , 1980, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation.

[102]  C. Eoll,et al.  Theory of Stress Distribution in Insulation of High-Voltage DC Cables: Part I , 1975, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation.

[103]  Marc Jeroense,et al.  Light Cables for long distance grid connection , 2022 .