Rational Design of Organic Electro-Optic Materials

A number of material properties must be optimized before organic electro-optic materials can be used for practical device applications. These include electro-optic activity, optical transparency, and stability including both thermal and photochemical stability. Exploiting an improved understanding of the structure/function relationships, we have recently prepared materials exhibiting electro-optic coefficients of greater than 50 pm/V and optical loss values of less than 0.7 dB/cm at the telecommunication wavelengths of 1.3 and 1.55 microns. When oxygen is excluded to a reasonable extent, long-term photostability to optical power levels of 20 mW has been observed. Photostability is further improved by addition of scavengers and by lattice hardening. Long-term (greater than 1000 hours) thermal stability of poling-induced electro-optic activity is also observed at elevated temperatures (greater than 80°C) when appropriate lattice hardening is used. The successful improvement of organic electro-optic materials rests upon (1) attention to the design of chromophore structure including design to inhibit unwanted intermolecular electrostatic interactions and to improve chromophore instability and (2) attention to processing conditions including those involved in spin casting, electric field poling, and lattice hardening. A particularly attractive new direction has been the exploitation of dendrimer structures and particularly of multi-chromophore containing dendrimer structures. This approach has permitted the simultaneous improvement of all material properties. Development of new materials has facilitated the fabrication of a number of prototype devices and most recently has permitted investigation of the incorporation of electro-optic materials into photonic bandgap and microresonator structures. The latter are relevant to active wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). Significant quality factors (greater than 10,000) have been realized for such devices permitting wavelength discrimination at telecommunication wavelengths of 0.01 nm.

[1]  Larry R. Dalton,et al.  Nonlinear Optical Materials , 2003 .

[2]  Larry R. Dalton,et al.  A Hyperbranched Aromatic Fluoropolyester for Photonic Applications , 2003 .

[3]  A. Jen,et al.  Focused Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of 2,5‐Dihydrofuran Derivatives as Electron Acceptors for Highly Efficient Nonlinear Optical Chromophores , 2003 .

[4]  Larry R. Dalton,et al.  Nanoscale tailoring of dendrimers and polymers for photonic and optoelectronic applications , 2002, SPIE Optics + Photonics.

[5]  Jingdong Luo,et al.  Design, Synthesis, and Properties of Highly Efficient Side‐Chain Dendronized Nonlinear Optical Polymers for Electro‐Optics , 2002 .

[6]  Bruce H. Robinson,et al.  Organic electro-optics: from molecules to devices , 2002, SPIE Optics + Photonics.

[7]  B. Ocko,et al.  Structure of a Langmuir Film on a Liquid Metal Surface , 2002, Science.

[8]  Larry R. Dalton,et al.  Polymer micro-ring filters and modulators , 2002 .

[9]  Mingqian He,et al.  Synthesis of Chromophores with Extremely High Electro-optic Activity. 1. Thiophene-Bridge-Based Chromophores , 2002 .

[10]  S. Garner,et al.  Synthesis of Chromophores with Extremely High Electro-optic Activities. 2. Isophorone- and Combined Isophorone−Thiophene-Based Chromophores , 2002 .

[11]  Perry P. Yaney,et al.  Materials characterization for nonlinear optic polymer waveguide modulator design , 2002, SPIE Optics + Photonics.

[12]  Larry R. Dalton,et al.  Highly Efficient and Thermally Stable Electro‐Optical Dendrimers for Photonics , 2002 .

[13]  Larry R. Dalton,et al.  New center for IT research , 2002 .

[14]  Perry P. Yaney,et al.  Optimized cladding materials for nonlinear-optic polymer-based devices , 2002, SPIE OPTO.

[15]  C. A. Langhoff,et al.  First Examples of Azaphosphanes as Efficient Electron Donors in the Chemical Architecture of Thermally Stable New Nonlinear Optical Materials , 2002 .

[16]  O. Prezhdo.  Assessment of theoretical approaches to the evaluation of dipole moments of chromophores for nonlinear optics , 2002 .

[17]  Mingqian He,et al.  α-Hydroxy Ketone Precursors Leading to a Novel Class of Electro-optic Acceptors , 2002 .

[18]  Jingdong Luo,et al.  Large electro-optic activity and low optical loss derived from a highly fluorinated dendritic nonlinear optical chromophore. , 2002, Chemical communications.

[19]  J. Díaz,et al.  Experimental and Theoretical Study of a New Class of Acceptor Group in Chromophores for Nonlinear Optics: 2-Substituted 4-Methylene-4H-oxazol-5-ones , 2002 .

[20]  J. Qin,et al.  New nonlinear optical chromophores exhibiting good transparency and large nonlinearity: synthesis and characterization of chromophores with stilbene and ring-locked triene as a combined conjugation bridge , 2002 .

[21]  Ju-Yeon Lee,et al.  Synthesis of novel polyurethanes containing dioxybenzylidenecyanoacetate, as non‐linear optical chromophores and their properties , 2002 .

[22]  J. Qin,et al.  Arylaldehydes-pentafluorophenyl Hydrazones as Second-order Nonlinear Optical Chromophores: A Novel Approach for Remarkably Defeating the Nonlinearity-transparency Trade-off , 2002 .

[23]  Roberto Centore,et al.  Structure and Electronic Properties of Extended Chromophores for Applications in Second-Order Nonlinear Optics , 2002 .

[24]  M. Blanchard‐Desce,et al.  Vibronic effects on solvent dependent linear and nonlinear optical properties of push-pull chromophores: Julolidinemalononitrile , 2002 .

[25]  Michel Dumont,et al.  New developments in optical ordering of NLO dyes in polymers , 2001, SPIE Optics + Photonics.

[26]  Larry R. Dalton,et al.  Highly efficient and thermally stable organic/polymeric electro-optic materials by dendritic approach , 2001, SPIE Optics + Photonics.

[27]  Perry P. Yaney,et al.  Advancements in conductive cladding materials for nonlinear-optic-polymer-based optoelectronic devices , 2001, SPIE Optics + Photonics.

[28]  Sankaran Thayumanavan,et al.  Photostability of electro-optic polymers possessing chromophores with efficient amino donors and cyano-containing acceptors , 2001 .

[29]  G. Hsiue,et al.  POLYIMIDE/INORGANIC INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORKS FOR STABLE SECOND-ORDER NONLINEAR OPTICS , 2001 .

[30]  Sung‐Ho Jin,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of novel crosslinkable polymers with a nonlinear optical chromophore as a pendant group , 2001 .

[31]  R. Nelson,et al.  Effect of conductivity and dielectric constant on the modulation voltage for nonlinear optic polymer based opto-electronic devices , 2001 .

[32]  Richard O. Claus,et al.  Self-organization of macromolecular materials by self-assembly , 2001, Complex Adaptive Structures.

[33]  Zhen Fan,et al.  Recent development of crosslinked NLO polymers for large bandwidth electro-optical modulations , 2001, SPIE/OSA/IEEE Asia Communications and Photonics.

[34]  K. Lee,et al.  Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Material for Electro-Optic Modulator , 2001 .

[35]  W. Leng,et al.  Synthesis of nonlinear optical polyimides containing benzothiazole moiety and their electro-optical and thermal properties , 2001 .

[36]  A. Persoons,et al.  Chromophore functionalised maleimide copolymers with high poling stabilities of the nonlinear optical effect at elevated temperature , 2001 .

[37]  P. Dutta,et al.  Specular x-ray reflectivity study of ordering in self-assembled organic and hybrid organic–inorganic electro-optic multilayer films , 2001 .

[38]  Min-Cheol Oh,et al.  Recent advances in electrooptic polymer modulators incorporating highly nonlinear chromophore , 2001 .

[39]  Ju-Yeon Lee,et al.  SYNTHESIS OF POLYURETHANES CONTAINING DIOXYBENZYLIDENECYANOACETATE AS AN NLO-CHROMOPHORE FOR ELECTRO-OPTIC APPLICATIONS , 2001 .

[40]  C. Bosshard,et al.  Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials , 2001, CLEO/Europe Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics.

[41]  Larry R. Dalton,et al.  Low Vπ electrooptic modulators from CLD-1 : Chromophore design and synthesis, material processing, and characterization , 2001 .

[42]  W. Leng,et al.  Synthesis of nonlinear optical side-chain soluble polyimides for electro-optic applications , 2001 .

[43]  Seng-Tiong Ho,et al.  Traveling wave electro-optic phase modulators based on intrinsically polar self-assembled chromophoric superlattices , 2001 .

[44]  J. Howard,et al.  Synthesis, Structures and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Novel D−π−A Chromophores: Intramolecular Charge Transfer from 1,3‐Dithiole or Ferrocene Moieties to Polynitrofluorene or Dicyanomethylene Moieties through Conjugated Linkers , 2001 .

[45]  G. Köhler,et al.  Nonlinear optics. A semiempirical study of organic chromophores , 2001 .

[46]  Lin Sun,et al.  Polymetric waveguide beam deflector for electro-optic switching , 2001, SPIE OPTO.

[47]  L. Dalton,et al.  Mean-field theory of acentric order of chromophores with displaced dipoles , 2001 .

[48]  I. Zadrożna,et al.  Novel optical material : Polyarylates with azomethine side-chain groups , 2001 .

[49]  Larry R. Dalton,et al.  Push–pull electro-optic polymer modulators with low half-wave voltage and low loss at both 1310 and 1550 nm , 2001 .

[50]  Yangang Liu,et al.  Theoretical investigation of s-triazine derivatives as novel second-order nonlinear optical chromophores , 2001 .

[51]  S. Concilio,et al.  Synthesis and electrooptic properties of side‐chain methacrylate polymers containing a new azophenylbenzoxazole chromophore , 2001 .

[52]  Larry R. Dalton,et al.  Resonant and nonresonant hyper–Rayleigh scattering of charge-transfer chromophores , 2001 .

[53]  L. Park,et al.  Synthesis of Photocrosslinkable Non-Linear Optic Polyimides and Electro-Optic Properties , 2001 .

[54]  W. Steier,et al.  Urethane-Urea Copolymers Containing Siloxane Linkages: Enhanced Temporal Stability and Low Optical Loss for Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Applications , 2001 .

[55]  J. Navarrete,et al.  Theoretical and vibrational study of electron-acceptor oligothienoquinonoids with well defined substitution patterns , 2001 .

[56]  A. Jen,et al.  Highly efficient and thermally stable nonlinear optical dendrimer for electrooptics. , 2001, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[57]  L. Dalton,et al.  FORMYLATION OF DIETHYL 2-THIENYLMETHYLPHOSPHONATE FOR ONE-POT SYNTHESIS OF AMINOTHIENOSTILBENECARBOXALDEHYDE , 2001 .

[58]  James G. Grote,et al.  Conductive cladding layers for electrode-poled nonlinear optic polymer electro-optics , 2000, SPIE Optics + Photonics.

[59]  Tony C. Kowalczyk,et al.  Photostability and residual red-tail absorption of different chromophore-doped polymers , 2000, SPIE Optics + Photonics.

[60]  Hua Zhang,et al.  Low-driving-voltage electro-optic polymer modulators for advanced photonic applications , 2000, SPIE Optics + Photonics.

[61]  Larry R. Dalton,et al.  Photonic time stretching of 102-GHz millimeter waves using 1.55-μm polymer electro-optic modulator , 2000, SPIE Optics + Photonics.

[62]  J. Brédas,et al.  Nonlinear optical response in acceptor-substituted carotenoids: A theoretical study , 2000 .

[63]  L. Dalton,et al.  Synthesis and self-assembly of diblock copolymers through hydrogen bonding. Semiquantitative determination of binding constants , 2000 .

[64]  W. Steier,et al.  EO polymer-based integrated-optical acoustic spectrum analyzer , 2000, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.

[65]  Lacroix,et al.  Azo-azulene derivatives as second-order nonlinear optical chromophores , 2000, Chemistry.

[66]  Larry R. Dalton,et al.  Electro-optic polymer modulators with 0.8 V half-wave voltage , 2000 .

[67]  Larry R. Dalton,et al.  Electro-optic polymer modulators for 1.55 μm wavelength using phenyltetraene bridged chromophore in polycarbonate , 2000 .

[68]  L. Dalton,et al.  Synthesis of Block Copolymers Containing a Main Chain Polymeric NLO Segment , 2000 .

[69]  Antao Chen,et al.  Vertically tapered polymer waveguide mode size transformer for improved fiber coupling , 2000 .

[70]  Bouchta Sahraoui,et al.  Electronic structure and electro-optical coefficients in push-pull chromophores incorporating the 1,3-dithiole-2-ylidene moiety as electron-donating part , 2000, International Topical Meeting on Optics in Computing.

[71]  Henryk Szymusiak,et al.  Electronic Structure and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Model Push-pull Polyenes with Modified Indanone Groups: A Theoretical Investigation , 2000, Comput. Chem..

[72]  Fang Wang,et al.  Optical intensity modulator based on a novel electrooptic polymer incorporating high /spl mu//spl beta/ chromophore , 2000, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics.

[73]  H. Erlig,et al.  Time stretching of 102-GHz millimeter waves using novel 1.55 μm polymer electrooptic modulator , 2000, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[74]  William W. Anderson,et al.  Low-voltage electro-optic modulation using amorphous polycarbonate host material , 2000, Photonics West - Optoelectronic Materials and Devices.

[75]  Bruce H. Robinson,et al.  Monte Carlo Statistical Mechanical Simulations of the Competition of Intermolecular Electrostatic and Poling-Field Interactions in Defining Macroscopic Electro-Optic Activity for Organic Chromophore/Polymer Materials† , 2000 .

[76]  Larry R. Dalton,et al.  Effect of dielectric constant on modulation voltage for nonlinear optic polymer-based optoelectronic devices , 2000, Photonics West - Optoelectronic Materials and Devices.

[77]  Lin Sun,et al.  Beam deflection with electro-optic polymeric waveguide prism array , 2000, Photonics West - Optoelectronic Materials and Devices.

[78]  Zhang,et al.  Low (Sub-1-volt) halfwave voltage polymeric electro-optic modulators achieved by controlling chromophore shape , 2000, Science.

[79]  Alex K.-Y. Jen,et al.  A Novel Class of High-Performance Perfluorocyclobutane-Containing Polymers for Second-Order Nonlinear Optics , 2000 .

[80]  Lin Sun,et al.  Polymeric electro-optic modulator based on 1×2 Y-fed directional coupler , 2000 .

[81]  L. Dalton,et al.  A Facile Synthesis of 5-N, N-Bis(2-Hydroxyethyl)Amino-2-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde , 2000 .

[82]  Larry R. Dalton,et al.  Importance of intermolecular interactions in the nonlinear optical properties of poled polymers , 2000 .

[83]  L. Dalton,et al.  High Tg donor-embedded polyimides for second-order nonlinear optical applications , 2000 .

[84]  S. Concilio,et al.  Donor—Acceptor-Substituted Phenylethenyl Bithiophenes: Highly Efficient and Stable Nonlinear Optical Chromophores. , 2000 .

[85]  L. Dalton,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of main‐chain NLO oligomers and polymer that contain 4‐dialkylamino‐ 4′‐(alkylsulfonyl)azobenzene chromophores , 2000 .

[86]  L. Dalton,et al.  A facile synthesis of thienylmethylphosphonates: direct conversion from thiophenes , 2000 .

[87]  Robert J. McMahon,et al.  Thiazole and Thiophene Analogues of Donor−Acceptor Stilbenes: Molecular Hyperpolarizabilities and Structure−Property Relationships , 2000 .

[88]  L. Dalton,et al.  Sequential synthesis of main-chain NLO oligomers which contain 4-dialkylamino-4'-(alkylsulfonyl)azobenzene chromophores , 2000 .

[89]  H. Fetterman,et al.  DC biased electro-optic polymer waveguide modulators with low half-wave voltage and high thermal stability , 1999 .

[90]  S. Concilio,et al.  Donor−Acceptor-Substituted Phenylethenyl Bithiophenes: Highly Efficient and Stable Nonlinear Optical Chromophores , 1999 .

[91]  Larry R. Dalton,et al.  High-frequency, low-crosstalk modulator arrays based on FTC polymer systems , 1999 .

[92]  William H. Steier,et al.  Progress toward device-quality second-order nonlinear optical materials : 2. Enhancement of electric field poling efficiency and temporal stability by modification of isoxazolone-based high μβ chromophores , 1999 .

[93]  Larry R. Dalton,et al.  Demonstration of a photonically controlled RF phase shifter , 1999 .

[94]  W. Steier,et al.  Progress toward device-quality second-order NLO materials: 3. Electrooptic activity of polymers containing E, E, E-[4-(N, N-dialkylamino)-phenyl]pentadienylidene-3-phenyl-5-isoxazolone chromophores , 1999 .

[95]  Wonkook Kim,et al.  Fully atomistic modeling of an electric field poled guest-host nonlinear optical polymer , 1999 .

[96]  Larry R. Dalton,et al.  Three Dimensional Integrated Optics Using Polymers , 1999, Organic Thin Films for Photonics Applications.

[97]  A. Jen,et al.  A Convenient Modular Approach of Functionalizing Aromatic Polyquinolines for Electrooptic Devices , 1999 .

[98]  Larry R. Dalton,et al.  Synthesis and Characterization of Sterically Stabilized Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Chromophores , 1999 .

[99]  Antao Chen,et al.  The molecular and supramolecular engineering of polymeric electro-optic materials , 1999 .

[100]  Antao Chen,et al.  Polymer electro-optic devices for integrated optics , 1999 .

[101]  J. Zyss,et al.  Nonlinear optical properties of polyenoctupoles: a multipolar tensorial quantum analysis , 1999 .

[102]  Hiromasa Ito,et al.  ORGANIC NONLINEAR OPTICAL CRYSTAL DAST GROWTH AND ITS DEVICE APPLICATIONS , 1999 .

[103]  B. Champagne,et al.  Vibrational versus electronic first hyperpolarizabilities of π-conjugated organic molecules: an ab initio Hartree Fock investigation upon the effects of the nature of the linker , 1999 .

[104]  A. Painelli.  Amplification of NLO responses: vibronic and solvent effects in push–pull polyenes , 1999 .

[105]  W. Bartkowiak,et al.  Conformation and solvent dependence of the first and second molecular hyperpolarizabilities of charge-transfer chromophores. Quantum-chemical calculations , 1999 .

[106]  P. Günter,et al.  Elongated push–pull diphenylpolyenes for nonlinear optics: molecular engineering of quadratic and cubic optical nonlinearities via tuning of intramolecular charge transfer , 1999 .

[107]  V. Chuyanov,et al.  Vertically integrated waveguide polarization splitters using polymers , 1999, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[108]  J. Perry,et al.  Studies of the Electronic Structure of Metallocene-Based Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Dyes , 1999 .

[109]  L. R. Dalton,et al.  Femtosecond, Frequency-Agile, Phase-Sensitive-Detected, Multi-Wave-Mixing Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy Applied to π-Electron Photonic Materials , 1999 .

[110]  H. Mao,et al.  LASERS, OPTICS, AND OPTOELECTRONICS 635 Single-pass thin-film electro-optic modulator based on an organic molecular salt , 1999 .

[111]  K. McCallion,et al.  Waveguide fabrication and high-speed in-line intensity modulation in 4- N,N-4'-dimethylamino-4'-N'-methyl-stilbazolium tosylate , 1999 .

[112]  M. Grinstaff,et al.  On the Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Structure−Property Relationships of Metal Chromophores , 1999 .

[113]  Antao Chen,et al.  Vertically integrated polymer waveguide device minimizing insertion loss and vπ , 1998, Other Conferences.

[114]  W. Steier,et al.  Patterned birefringence by photoinduced depoling in electro-optic polymers and its application to a waveguide polarization splitter , 1998 .

[115]  O. Zamani-Khamiri,et al.  Second-order nonlinear optical properties of thiopheno-quinoid dipolar structures , 1998, Optics & Photonics.

[116]  V. Percec,et al.  Structural Analysis of Cylindrical and Spherical Supramolecular Dendrimers Quantifies the Concept of Monodendron Shape Control by Generation Number , 1998 .

[117]  W. Steier,et al.  Synthesis and characterisation of 1,3-bis(dicyanomethylidene)indane (BDMI)-based nonlinear optical polymers , 1998 .

[118]  Joseph Zyss,et al.  New routes in molecular nonlinear optics: sol-gel-based hybrid structures and all-optical orientation , 1998, Optics & Photonics.

[119]  J. Zhu,et al.  High E-O coefficient polymers based on a chromophore containing isophorone moiety for second-order nonlinear optics[Electro-Optics] , 1998 .

[120]  C. Bosshard,et al.  Parametric-Interactions in the Organic Salt 4-N,N-dimethylamino-4'-N'-methyl-stilbazolium Tosylate at Telecommunication Wavelengths , 1998, CLEO/Europe Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics.

[121]  J. Orduna,et al.  Second-order nonlinear optical properties of tetrathiafulvalene-π-(thio)barbituric acid chromophores , 1998 .

[122]  Antao Chen,et al.  Low-Vπ high-thermal-stability electro-optic polymer waveguide modulators using the full potenetial of high-μβ chromophores with a DC bias voltage , 1998, Photonics West.

[123]  Donald L. Wise,et al.  Electrical and Optical Polymer Systems: Fundamentals: Methods, and Applications , 1998 .

[124]  Antao Chen,et al.  Low-V? electro-optic modulator with a high-?? chromophore and a constant-bias field , 1998 .

[125]  Stephen Z. D. Cheng,et al.  Hierarchical control of internal superstructure, diameter, and stability of supramolecular and macromolecular columns generated from tapered monodendritic building blocks , 1998 .

[126]  Antao Chen,et al.  Integrated optic vertical polarization splitters using polymers , 1998, Photonics West.

[127]  Yongqiang Shi,et al.  Trimming of polymer waveguide Y-junction by rapid photobleaching for tuning the power splitting ratio , 1997, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[128]  Goran Ungar,et al.  Direct Visualization of Individual Cylindrical and Spherical Supramolecular Dendrimers , 1997 .

[129]  Antao Chen,et al.  Fast trimming of electro-optic polymer waveguide Y-branches by postphotobleaching for tuning the power splitting ratio , 1997, Optics & Photonics.

[130]  P. Günter,et al.  Stilbazolium based zwitterionic chromophores for electro-optic polymers , 1997 .

[131]  K. Belfield,et al.  NEW NLO STILBENE DERIVATIVES BEARING PHOSPHONATE ESTER ELECTRON-WITHDRAWING GROUPS , 1997 .

[132]  M. Ratner,et al.  Large molecular hyperpolarizabilities. Quantitative analysis of aromaticity and auxiliary donor-acceptor effects , 1997 .

[133]  Seth R. Marder,et al.  Large Quadratic Hyperpolarizabilities with Donor–Acceptor Polyenes Exhibiting Optimum Bond Length Alternation: Correlation Between Structure and Hyperpolarizability , 1997 .

[134]  H. Fetterman,et al.  Demonstration of 110 GHz electro-optic polymer modulators , 1997 .

[135]  R. Twieg,et al.  Synthesis and nonlinearity of triene chromophores containing the cyclohexene ring structure , 1997 .

[136]  B H Robinson,et al.  The role of London forces in defining noncentrosymmetric order of high dipole moment-high hyperpolarizability chromophores in electrically poled polymeric thin films. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[137]  Antao Chen,et al.  Integrated polymer waveguide mode size transformer with a vertical taper for improved fiber coupling , 1997, Photonics West.

[138]  M. Ratner,et al.  Conformationally-Induced Geometric Electron Localization. Interrupted Conjugation, Very Large Hyperpolarizabilities, and Sizable Infrared Absorption in Simple Twisted Molecular Chromophores , 1997 .

[139]  I. Fragalà,et al.  Charge distribution and second-order nonlinear optical response of charged centrosymmetric chromophore aggregates. An ab initio electronic structure study of p-nitroaniline dimers , 1997 .

[140]  Yongming Cai,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of highly efficient and thermally stable diphenylamino‐substituted thiophene stilbene chromophores for nonlinear optical applications , 1997 .

[141]  Paul A. Fleitz,et al.  Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecules and Polymers , 1997 .

[142]  Antao Chen,et al.  High bandwidth polymer modulators , 1997, Conference Proceedings LEOS'96 9th Annual Meeting IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society.

[143]  W. Steier,et al.  Optimized Oxygen Plasma Etching of Polyurethane‐Based Electro‐optic Polymer for Low Loss Optical Waveguide Fabrication , 1996 .

[144]  Peter Günter,et al.  Crystal growth and characterization of the organic salt 4-N, N-dimethylamino-4′-N-methyl-stilbazolium tosylate (dast) , 1996 .

[145]  Mark A. Ratner,et al.  Rational Design of Molecules with Large Hyperpolarizabilities. Electric Field, Solvent Polarity, and Bond Length Alternation Effects on Merocyanine Dye Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties , 1996 .

[146]  Antao Chen,et al.  Fabrication and characterization of high-speed polyurethane-disperse red 19 integrated electrooptic modulators for analog system applications , 1996 .

[147]  M. Ziari,et al.  Monolithic integration of waveguide polymer electrooptic modulators on VLSI circuitry , 1996, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[148]  Antao Chen,et al.  Integration of polymer electro-optic devices on nonplanar silicon-integrated circuits , 1995, Optics & Photonics.

[149]  Larry R. Dalton,et al.  Optical heterodyne detection of 60 GHz electro‐optic modulation from polymer waveguide modulators , 1995 .

[150]  Kenneth D. Singer,et al.  Polymers for second-order nonlinear optics , 1995 .

[151]  Yongqiang Shi,et al.  40-GHz polymer electrooptic phase modulators , 1995, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[152]  Larry R. Dalton,et al.  Synthesis and Processing of Improved Organic Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Materials for Applications in Photonics , 1995 .

[153]  Larry R. Dalton,et al.  Polymeric Electro‐Optic Modulators: Matereials synthesis and processing , 1995 .

[154]  Mark A. Ratner,et al.  Design, Synthesis, and Properties of Molecule‐Based Assemblies with Large Second‐Order Optical Nonlinearities , 1995 .

[155]  Seth R. Marder,et al.  A Unified Description of Linear and Nonlinear Polarization in Organic Polymethine Dyes , 1994, Science.

[156]  V. P. Rao,et al.  Thermally stable poled polymers: Highly efficient heteroaromatic chromophores in high temperature polymides , 1994, Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications.

[157]  J. Perry,et al.  Nonlinear optical polymers: discovery to market in 10 years? , 1994, Science.

[158]  Mark W. Becker,et al.  Large and Stable Nonlinear Optical Effects Observed for a Polyimide Covalently Incorporating a Nonlinear Optical Chromophore , 1994 .

[159]  Seth R. Marder,et al.  Large First Hyperpolarizabilities in Push-Pull Polyenes by Tuning of the Bond Length Alternation and Aromaticity , 1994, Science.

[160]  S. Marder,et al.  An investigation of the interrelationships between linear and nonlinear polarizabilities and bond-length alternation in conjugated organic molecules. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[161]  J. Perry,et al.  The Relationship Between Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties and Ground-State Polarization , 1993 .

[162]  Joseph Zyss,et al.  Molecular nonlinear optics , 1993 .

[163]  Wenjiang Nie,et al.  Optical Nonlinearity:Phenomena, applications, and materials , 1993 .

[164]  K. Kitahara,et al.  Reflection High-Energy Electron Diffraction of Heteroepitaxy in Chemical Vapor Deposition Reactor: Atomic-Layer Epitaxy of GaAs, AlAs and GaP on Si , 1993 .

[165]  Varanasi Pushkara Rao,et al.  Functionalized heteroaromatics for second-order nonlinear optical applications , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[166]  C. C. Teng,et al.  Traveling-wave polymeric optical intensity modulator with more than 40 GHz of 3-dB electrical bandwidth , 1992 .

[167]  Seth R. Marder,et al.  Experimental investigations of organic molecular nonlinear optical polarizabilities. 2. A study of conjugation dependences , 1991 .

[168]  Seth R. Marder,et al.  Organic salts with large electro-optic coefficients , 1991, Optics & Photonics.

[169]  D. Beratan,et al.  Approaches for Optimizing the First Electronic Hyperpolarizability of Conjugated Organic Molecules , 1991, Science.

[170]  H. Katz,et al.  Use of thiazole rings to enhance molecular second-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities [Erratum to document cited in CA113(24):220726h] , 1990 .

[171]  Wong,et al.  Nonlinear optical properties of linear chains and electron-correlation effects. , 1988, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[172]  Kenneth D. Singer,et al.  Greatly enhanced second-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities in donor-acceptor organic molecules , 1987 .

[173]  A F. Garito,et al.  Fundamental Nonlinear Optics Issues In Organic And Polymer Systems , 1987, Optics & Photonics.

[174]  Anthony F. Garito,et al.  Origin of the nonlinear second-order optical susceptibilities of organic systems , 1979 .

[175]  J. Oudar,et al.  Optical nonlinearities of conjugated molecules. Stilbene derivatives and highly polar aromatic compounds , 1977 .

[176]  J. Oudar,et al.  Hyperpolarizabilities of the nitroanilines and their relations to the excited state dipole moment , 1977 .

[177]  A. Piekara.  A Theory of Electric Polarization, Electro-Optical Kerr Effect and Electric Saturation in Liquids and Solutions , 1939 .

[178]  A. Piekara.  Zur Existenz der zwischenmolekularen Kopplung zweiter Art in Flüssigkeiten , 1938 .

[179]  Bruce H. Robinson,et al.  Systematic development of high bandwidth, low drive voltage organic electro-optic devices and their applications , 2003 .

[180]  L R Dalton.  Rational design of organic electro-optic materials , 2003 .

[181]  Larry R. Dalton,et al.  Nonlinear Optical Polymeric Materials: From Chromophore Design to Commercial Applications , 2002 .

[182]  Larry R. Dalton,et al.  Progress toward Device-Quality Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Materials. 4. A Trilink High μβ NLO Chromophore in Thermoset Polyurethane: A “Guest−Host” Approach to Larger Electrooptic Coefficients , 2001 .

[183]  Larry R. Dalton,et al.  Electric Poling and Relaxation of Thermoset Polyurethane Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Materials: Role of Cross-Linking and Monomer Rigidity , 2001 .

[184]  A. Moore,et al.  π-Extended nitrofluorene-1,3-dithiole chromophore: enhancing the photoresponse of holographic materials through the balance of intramolecular charge transfer and electron affinity , 2001 .

[185]  Ray T. Chen,et al.  Polymeric waveguide prism-based electro-optic beam deflector , 2001 .

[186]  J. Qin,et al.  The design of second-order nonlinear optical chromophores exhibiting blue-shifted absorption and large nonlinearities: the role of the combined conjugation bridge , 2001 .

[187]  J. Orduna,et al.  The first 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene donor–π–acceptor chromophores containing an azine spacer: synthesis, electrochemical and nonlinear optical properties , 2001 .

[188]  Antao Chen,et al.  From molecules to opto-chips: organic electro-optic materials , 1999 .

[189]  Larry R. Dalton,et al.  Polymeric Electro-optic Modulators: From Chromophore Design to Integration with Semiconductor Very Large Scale Integration Electronics and Silica Fiber Optics , 1999 .

[190]  B. Tsap,et al.  High-frequency polymer modulators with integrated finline transitions and low V/sub π/ , 1999, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[191]  J. Lehn,et al.  Nonlinear optical chromophores containing dithienothiophene as a new type of electron relay , 1999 .

[192]  A. Jen,et al.  Highly efficient, thermally and chemically stable nonlinear optical chromophores based on the α-perfluoroaryldicyanovinyl electron acceptors , 1999 .

[193]  B. Cho,et al.  Side-chain nonlinear optical polymers containing a styrylfuran-based chromophore with large electro-optic properties , 1999 .

[194]  James G. Grote,et al.  Enhanced Electrooptic Activity of Nlo Polymers Via the Use of Conductive Polymers , 1999 .

[195]  Antao Chen,et al.  Progress toward device-quality second-order nonlinear optical materials. 1. Influence of composition and processing conditions on nonlinearity, temporal stability, and optical loss , 1998 .

[196]  C. Shu,et al.  Synthesis of nonlinear optical chromophores containing electron-excessive and -deficient heterocyclic bridges. The auxiliary donor–acceptor effects , 1998 .

[197]  D. Wise.  Electrical and optical polymer systems , 1998 .

[198]  Antao Chen,et al.  Translating microscopic optical nonlinearity into macroscopic optical nonlinearity: the role of chromophore chromophore electrostatic interactions , 1998 .

[199]  Mark A. Ratner,et al.  Chromophore Environmental Effects in Saltlike Nonlinear Optical Materials. A Computational Study of Architecture/Anion Second-Order Response Relationships in High-.beta. Stilbazolium Self-Assembled Films , 1995 .

[200]  M. Ziari,et al.  Applications of Electro-optic Polymers in Photonics , 1995 .

[201]  André Persoons,et al.  THIRD-ORDER NONLINEAR OPTICAL RESPONSE IN ORGANIC MATERIALS : THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ASPECTS , 1994 .

[202]  Joseph Zyss,et al.  Nonlinear optics in multipolar media: theory and experiments , 1994 .

[203]  Donald M. Burland,et al.  SECOND-ORDER NONLINEARITY IN POLED-POLYMER SYSTEMS , 1994 .

[204]  Mark A. Ratner,et al.  Design and construction of molecular assemblies with large second-order optical nonlinearities. Quantum chemical aspects , 1994 .

[205]  Y. M. Cai,et al.  High Thermal Stability Electrooptic Chromophores And New Integrated Optical Polymer Devices , 1993 .

[206]  V. P. Rao,et al.  Heteroaromatics: Exceptional Materials for Second Order Nonlinear Optical Applications , 1992 .

[207]  David J. Williams,et al.  Introduction to Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers , 1991 .

[208]  Brian J. Orr,et al.  Perturbation theory of the non-linear optical polarization of an isolated system , 1971 .

[209]  J. Ward,et al.  Calculation of Nonlinear Optical Susceptibilities Using Diagrammatic Perturbation Theory , 1965 .