Substitution between Bundled and Unbundled Products after Deregulation in Electricity Generation

With partial electric utility deregulation, regulators will continue to regulate transmission and distribution (T&D) rates, while generation prices are unregulated and stochastic. Consumers will migrate between bundled and unbundled rate classes depending on individual rates of trade-off between generation price and generation price variance. In the linear pricing case, with large variance and increasing returns to scale, the unbundled class should have the lower T&D price. In a non-linear (two-part rates) stochastic model, the per unit rates of both bundled and unbundled classes should be set less than marginal cost.