Health Impact Assessment of PM10 and PM2.5 in 27 Southeast and East Asian Cities

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the annual health impacts of particulate matter (PM) less than 10 &mgr;m diameter (PM10) and less than 2.5-&mgr;m diameter (PM2.5) in 27 cities in Southeast and East Asian countries (Japan, the Philippines, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, and Vietnam) for the year 2009 (n = 50,756,699). Methods: We estimated the number of cases attributable to long-term exposure. We used a scenario that reduced the annual mean values for PM10 and PM2.5 to 20 and 10 &mgr;g/m3, respectively. Results: A reduction in long-term exposure to PM10 and PM2.5 would have postponed 8% to 9% of all-cause mortality or about 37,000 deaths. One third of them were associated with cardiopulmonary mortality and one ninth of them were associated with lung cancer mortality. Conclusions: Current air pollution levels in Southeast and East Asian countries have a nonnegligible public health impact.

[1]  Anu W. Turunen,et al.  Effects of long-term exposure to air pollution on natural-cause mortality: an analysis of 22 European cohorts within the multicentre ESCAPE project , 2014, The Lancet.

[2]  R. Burnett,et al.  Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. , 2002, JAMA.

[3]  D. Dockery,et al.  Health Effects of Fine Particulate Air Pollution: Lines that Connect , 2006, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association.

[4]  Methods for assessing the extent of exposure and effects of air pollution. , 1997, Occupational and environmental medicine.

[5]  Daniel Krewski,et al.  Rejoinder: Reanalysis of the Harvard Six Cities Study and American Cancer Society Study of Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality , 2003 .

[6]  A. Musk,et al.  INVITED REVIEW SERIES: RESPIRATORY HEALTH ISSUES IN THE ASIA–PACIFIC REGION Respiratory health issues in the Asia–Pacific region: An overview , 2010 .

[7]  D. Dockery,et al.  Particulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of U.S. adults. , 1995, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[8]  G. Cesaroni,et al.  Assessing the public health impacts of urban air pollution in 25 European cities: results of the Aphekom project. , 2013, The Science of the total environment.

[9]  A. Peters,et al.  Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update to the Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association , 2010, Circulation.

[10]  Who Europe.  Air Quality Guidelines Global Update 2005: Particulate Matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide , 2006 .

[11]  A. Peters,et al.  Long-term air pollution exposure and cardio- respiratory mortality: a review , 2013, Environmental Health.

[12]  Jeongim Park,et al.  Health benefits of improving air quality in the rapidly aging Korean society. , 2009, The Science of the total environment.

[13]  B. Brunekreef,et al.  Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE). , 2013, The Lancet. Oncology.

[14]  Jie Cao,et al.  Ambient Temperature and Mortality: An International Study in 13 Cities of East Asia , 2010, The Science of the total environment.

[15]  S. Médina,et al.  Apheis: Health Impact Assessment of Long-term Exposure to PM2.5 in 23 European Cities , 2006, European Journal of Epidemiology.

[16]  D. Dockery,et al.  An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. , 1993, The New England journal of medicine.

[17]  Toshihide Tsuda,et al.  Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and the risk of death from hemorrhagic stroke and lung cancer in Shizuoka, Japan. , 2013, The Science of the total environment.

[18]  F. Lipfert,et al.  Commentary on the HEI Reanalysis of the Harvard Six Cities Study and the American Cancer Society Study of Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality , 2003, Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A.

[19]  Haidong Kan,et al.  An evaluation of public health impact of ambient air pollution under various energy scenarios in Shanghai, China , 2004 .

[20]  N Künzli,et al.  Public-health impact of outdoor and traffic-related air pollution: a European assessment , 2000, The Lancet.

[21]  Manfred Neuberger,et al.  Reducing ambient levels of fine particulates could substantially improve health: a mortality impact assessment for 26 European cities , 2008, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health.

[22]  D. Dockery,et al.  Health Effects of Fine Particulate Air Pollution: Lines that Connect , 2006, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association.

[23]  A Plasencia,et al.  Apheis: public health impact of PM10 in 19 European cities , 2004, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.

[24]  N. Kawakami,et al.  Health Impact Assessment of Particulate Matter in Tokyo, Japan , 2005, Archives of environmental & occupational health.

[25]  D. Dockery,et al.  Acute respiratory effects of particulate air pollution. , 1994, Annual review of public health.