Non-enzymatic oxalic acid sensor using platinum nanoparticles modified on graphene nanosheets.

An enzyme-free oxalic acid (OA) electrochemical sensor was assembled using a platinum nanoparticle-loaded graphene nanosheets (PtNPGNs)-modified electrode. The PtNPGNs, with a high yield of PtNPs dispersed on the graphene nanosheets, were successfully achieved by a green, rapid, one-step and template-free method. The resulting PtNPGNs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and an X-ray diffraction technique. Electrochemical oxidation of OA on the PtNPGNs-modified electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry methods. Based on the results, the modified electrode exhibited high electrochemical activity with well-defined peaks of OA oxidation and a notably decreased overpotential compared to the bare or even the GNs-modified electrode. Under optimized conditions, a good linear response was observed for the concentration of OA and its current response was in the range of 0.1-15 mM and 15-50 mM with a detection limit (S/N = 3) of 10 μM. Furthermore, the electrochemical sensor presented good characteristics in terms of stability and reproducibility, promising the applicability of the sensor in practical analysis.

[1]  S. Ferro,et al.  Electrochemical incineration of oxalic acid: Role of electrode material , 2004 .

[2]  R. Baldwin,et al.  Electrocatalytic response of cobalt phthalocyanine chemically modified electrodes toward oxalic acid and .alpha.-keto acids , 1986 .

[3]  O. Petrii,et al.  Size effects on the electrochemical oxidation of oxalic acid on nanocrystalline platinum , 2000 .

[4]  T. Ivandini,et al.  Electrochemical oxidation of oxalic acid at highly boron-doped diamond electrodes. , 2006, Analytical chemistry.

[5]  Jinlong Yang,et al.  One-step synthesis of graphitic nanoplatelets that are decorated with luminescent carbon nanoparticles as new optical-limiting materials. , 2012, Chemistry, an Asian journal.

[6]  Haoqing Hou,et al.  Electrochemical determination of oxalic acid using palladium nanoparticle-loaded carbon nanofiber modified electrode , 2010 .

[7]  Franklin Kim,et al.  Langmuir-Blodgett assembly of graphite oxide single layers. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[8]  A. Rahim,et al.  In situ immobilization of cobalt phthalocyanine on the mesoporous carbon ceramic SiO2/C prepared by the sol–gel process. Evaluation as an electrochemical sensor for oxalic acid , 2011 .

[9]  M. Otyepka,et al.  Functionalization of graphene: covalent and non-covalent approaches, derivatives and applications. , 2012, Chemical reviews.

[10]  Y. Yamauchi,et al.  Synthesis of olive-shaped mesoporous platinum nanoparticles (MPNs) with a hard-templating method using mesoporous silica (SBA-15). , 2012, Chemistry, an Asian journal.

[11]  Rajneesh,et al.  A novel amperometric biosensor for oxalate determination using multi-walled carbon nanotube-gold nanoparticle composite , 2011 .

[12]  Xiao-ru Wang,et al.  Synthesis of "clean" and well-dispersive Pd nanoparticles with excellent electrocatalytic property on graphene oxide. , 2011, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[13]  Tomás E. Benavidez,et al.  Amperometric biosensor based on immobilization of oxalate oxidase in a mucin/chitosan matrix , 2009 .

[14]  I. Casella.  Electrocatalytic oxidation of oxalic acid on palladium-based modified glassy carbon electrode in acidic medium , 1999 .

[15]  N. Jana,et al.  Tunable catalytic performance and selectivity of a nanoparticle-graphene composite through finely controlled nanoparticle loading. , 2012, Chemistry, an Asian journal.

[16]  Itaru Honma,et al.  Enhanced electrocatalytic activity of Pt subnanoclusters on graphene nanosheet surface. , 2009, Nano letters.

[17]  M. Nabid,et al.  Electrocatalytic oxidation of oxalic acid on palladium nanoparticles encapsulated on polyamidoamine dendrimer-grafted multi-walled carbon nanotubes hybrid material , 2012 .

[18]  Xi Chen,et al.  Graphene and graphene-based nanomaterials: the promising materials for bright future of electroanalytical chemistry. , 2011, The Analyst.

[19]  Ziyin Lin,et al.  Solvent-Assisted Thermal Reduction of Graphite Oxide , 2010 .

[20]  Shouheng Sun,et al.  FePt nanoparticles assembled on graphene as enhanced catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction. , 2012, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[21]  Y. Gushikem,et al.  Cobalt phthalocyanine prepared in situ on a sol–gel derived SiO2/SnO2 mixed oxide: Application in electrocatalytic oxidation of oxalic acid , 2007 .

[22]  Jingdong Zhang,et al.  Determination of oxalic acid in spinach with carbon nanotubes-modified electrode , 2009 .

[23]  L. Jönsson,et al.  Rapid and convenient determination of oxalic acid employing a novel oxalate biosensor based on oxalate oxidase and SIRE technology. , 2003, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[24]  Shaojun Dong,et al.  Platinum nanoparticle ensemble-on-graphene hybrid nanosheet: one-pot, rapid synthesis, and used as new electrode material for electrochemical sensing. , 2010, ACS nano.

[25]  G. K. Budnikov,et al.  Electrocatalytic Response of a Glassy-Carbon Electrode Modified with a Polyvinylpyridine Film with Electrodeposited Palladium in the Oxidation of Oxalic Acid , 2003 .

[26]  Xiaoru Wang,et al.  Platinum nanoflowers supported on graphene oxide nanosheets: their green synthesis, growth mechanism, and advanced electrocatalytic properties for methanol oxidation , 2012 .

[27]  Chongmok Lee,et al.  Impact of anions on electrocatalytic activity in palladium nanoparticles supported on ionic liquid-carbon nanotube hybrids for the oxygen reduction reaction. , 2011, Chemistry, an Asian journal.

[28]  T. Tzedakis,et al.  Electrochemical oxidation of oxalic acid and hydrazinium nitrate on platinum in nitric acid media , 2012 .

[29]  J. Barbier,et al.  Catalytic and electrocatalytic oxidation of oxalic acid in aqueous solutions of different compositions , 1999 .