Diagnosing attention deficit disorders with the Behavioral Assessment System for Children and the Child Behavior Checklist: test and construct validity analyses using optimal discriminant classification trees.

The usefulness of the Behavioral Assessment System for Children (BASC) and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Parent scales was examined with respect to (a) differentiating students with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from non-ADHD students and (b) discriminating between the predominantly inattentive-type and combined-type ADHD-afflicted students. For both the BASC and the CBCL, a different optimal discriminant classification tree analysis (CTA) model was developed for each of the 2 diagnostic predictions. For distinguishing ADHD students from non-ADHD students, the BASC model was more parsimonious and accurate than the CBCL model. Toward the goal of differentiating between primarily inattentive and combined types, the CBCL's model was superior for predicting primarily inattentive students. The results demonstrate the diagnostic utility of the BASC and CBCL and describe salient behavioral dimensions associated with subtypes of ADHD.

[1]  Paul R. Yarnold,et al.  Discriminating Geriatric and Nongeriatric Patients Using Functional Status Information: An Example of Classification Tree Analysis Via UniODA , 1996 .

[2]  T. Achenbach.  Manual for the child behavior checklist/4-18 and 1991 profile , 1991 .

[3]  P. Szatmari,et al.  ADDH and conduct disorder: degree of diagnostic overlap and differences among correlates. , 1989, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[4]  Paul R. Yarnold,et al.  Reading and Understanding Multivariate Statistics , 1995 .

[5]  Robert C. Soltysik,et al.  Univariable Optimal Discriminant Analysis:One-Tailed Hypotheses , 1994 .

[6]  P R Yarnold,et al.  Predicting in-hospital mortality of patients with AIDS-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: an example of hierarchically optimal classification tree analysis. , 1997, Statistics in medicine.

[7]  J. Biederman,et al.  DSM-IV field trials for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. , 1994, The American journal of psychiatry.

[8]  G. Canino,et al.  Dimensions of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Findings from teacher and parent reports in a community sample , 1995 .

[9]  Phil A. Silva,et al.  DSM-III disorders in preadolescent children. Prevalence in a large sample from the general population. , 1987, Archives of general psychiatry.

[10]  G. Hynd,et al.  Validity of DSM-IV ADHD predominantly inattentive and combined types: relationship to previous DSM diagnoses/subtype differences. , 1996, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[11]  T. Achenbach.  Empirically based assessment and taxonomy : applications to clinical research , 1995 .

[12]  P. Meehl,et al.  Antecedent probability and the efficiency of psychometric signs, patterns, or cutting scores. , 1955, Psychological bulletin.

[13]  S. R. Weinstein,et al.  Convergence of DSM-III diagnoses and self-reported symptoms in child and adolescent inpatients. , 1990, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[14]  A. Costello,et al.  Convergence between statistically derived behavior problem syndromes and child psychiatric diagnoses , 1988, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[15]  Joseph Biederman,et al.  Diagnostic accuracy of the Child Behavior Checklist scales for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a receiver-operating characteristic analysis. , 1994, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[16]  Leland Wilkinson.  Tests of significance in stepwise regression. , 1979 .

[17]  J. Swets.  Indices of discrimination or diagnostic accuracy: their ROCs and implied models. , 1986, Psychological bulletin.

[18]  R. Barkley,et al.  The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria: I. An 8-year prospective follow-up study. , 1990, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[19]  J. Bauermeister.  Factor Analyses of Teacher Ratings of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity and Oppositional Defiant Symptoms in Children Aged Four Through Thirteen Years , 1992 .

[20]  G. Hynd,et al.  Attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: comparison of behavioral characteristics of clinic-referred children. , 1987, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[21]  P. Jensen,et al.  Scales, diagnoses, and child psychopathology: II. Comparing the CBCL and the DISC against external validators , 1996, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[22]  A. Comrey,et al.  A Comparison of three Point Coefficients in Factor Analyses of MMPI Items 1 , 1958 .

[23]  B. Holland,et al.  Improved Bonferroni-type multiple testing procedures. , 1988 .

[24]  Bruce Thompson,et al.  Stepwise Regression and Stepwise Discriminant Analysis Need Not Apply here: A Guidelines Editorial , 1995 .

[25]  E Somoza,et al.  Evaluation and optimization of diagnostic tests using receiver operating characteristic analysis and information theory. , 1989, International journal of bio-medical computing.

[26]  D. Cantwell,et al.  Dimensional and categorical approaches to the diagnosis of attention deficit disorder in children. , 1986, Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry.

[27]  R. Barkley,et al.  Comprehensive evaluation of attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity as defined by research criteria. , 1990, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[28]  Robert C. Soltysik,et al.  Theoretical Distributions of Optima for Univariate Discrimination of Random Data , 1991 .

[29]  C. Carlson,et al.  Behavioral Characteristics of DSM-IV ADHD Subtypes in a School-Based Population , 1997, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[30]  A. MacDonald,et al.  Community-based multiple-gate screening of children at risk for conduct disorder , 1995, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[31]  G. Hynd,et al.  Attention-Deficit Disorder With (ADD/H) and Without (ADD/WO) Hyperactivity: Behavioral and Neuropsychological Differentiation , 1992 .

[32]  A. Kazdin,et al.  Convergence of clinically derived diagnoses and parent checklists among inpatient children , 1984, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[33]  M. Wolraich,et al.  Comparison of diagnostic criteria for attention deficit disorders in a German elementary school sample. , 1995, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[34]  G. DuPaul.  Parent and Teacher Ratings of ADHD Symptoms: Psychometric Properties in a Community-Based Sample , 1991 .

[35]  R. Rummel.  Applied Factor Analysis , 1970 .

[36]  P. Lachenbruch.  An almost unbiased method of obtaining confidence intervals for the probability of misclassification in discriminant analysis. , 1967, Biometrics.

[37]  D. Cantwell,et al.  Attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: a review and comparison of matched groups. , 1992, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[38]  J. Halperin,et al.  The factor structure of ADHD items in DSM-III-R: Internal consistency and external validation , 1993, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[39]  G. Canino,et al.  Are attentional-hyperactivity deficits unidimensional or multidimensional syndromes? Empirical findings from a community survey. , 1992, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[40]  Bernard R. Rosner,et al.  Fundamentals of Biostatistics. , 1992 .

[41]  G. Canino,et al.  Estimates of the prevalence of childhood maladjustment in a community survey in Puerto Rico. The use of combined measures. , 1988, Archives of general psychiatry.

[42]  F. Zelko.  Comparison of Parent‐Completed Behavior Rating Scales: Differentiating Boys with ADD from Psychiatric and Normal Controls , 1991, Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP.

[43]  B J Burns,et al.  Psychiatric disorders in pediatric primary care. Prevalence and risk factors. , 1988, Archives of general psychiatry.

[44]  Benjamin B. Lahey,et al.  Advances in Clinical Child Psychology , 1980, Advances in Clinical Child Psychology.

[45]  S. Siegel,et al.  Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences , 2022, The SAGE Encyclopedia of Research Design.

[46]  Russell A. Barkley,et al.  Guidelines for Defining Hyperactivity in Children , 1982 .

[47]  S. Faraone,et al.  Convergence of the Child Behavior Checklist with structured interview-based psychiatric diagnoses of ADHD children with and without comorbidity. , 1993, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[48]  G. August,et al.  A Four-Year Follow-up of Hyperactive Boys with and without Conduct Disorder , 1983, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[49]  R. Ulrich,et al.  Normative data on Revised Conners Parent and Teacher Rating Scales , 1978, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[50]  W. Pelham,et al.  Dimensions and types of attention deficit disorder. , 1988, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.