Pathways to Overmedication and Polypharmacy: Case Examples from Adolescents with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

[1]  A. Chudley,et al.  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Canadian guidelines for diagnosis , 2005, Canadian Medical Association Journal.

[2]  J. Owens,et al.  Use of the 'BEARS' sleep screening tool in a pediatric residents' continuity clinic: a pilot study. , 2005, Sleep medicine.

[3]  Jens Tilma,et al.  Early childhood‐onset restless legs syndrome: symptoms and effect of oral iron treatment , 2013, Acta paediatrica.

[4]  J. Pei,et al.  The impact of an ADHD co-morbidity on the diagnosis of FASD. , 2010, The Canadian journal of clinical pharmacology = Journal canadien de pharmacologie clinique.

[5]  C. Coles Fetal Alcohol Exposure and Attention: Moving Beyond ADHD , 2001, Alcohol research & health : the journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.

[6]  J. Owens,et al.  Sleep problems in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. , 2012, Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

[7]  A. Walters,et al.  Restless Legs Syndrome: Prevalence and Impact in Children and Adolescents—The Peds REST Study , 2007, Pediatrics.

[8]  R. Hill,et al.  The fetal alcohol syndrome: a multihandicapped child. , 1989, Neurotoxicology.

[9]  C. Gamble,et al.  Melatonin for sleep problems in children with neurodevelopmental disorders: randomised double masked placebo controlled trial , 2012, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[10]  M. Michaud Is the suggested immobilization test the "gold standard" to assess restless legs syndrome? , 2006, Sleep medicine.

[11]  R. Findling,et al.  Review of pharmacotherapy options for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and ADHD-like symptoms in children and adolescents with developmental disorders. , 2010, Developmental disabilities research reviews.

[12]  K. Meredith-Jones,et al.  Challenges and Emerging Technologies within the Field of Pediatric Actigraphy , 2014, Front. Psychiatry.

[13]  C. Loock,et al.  "They silently live in terror…" why sleep problems and night-time related quality-of-life are missed in children with a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. , 2013, Social science & medicine.

[14]  L. Novelli,et al.  Sleep disorders in children. , 2010, BMJ clinical evidence.

[15]  B. Carleton,et al.  Prescription drug dispensing profiles for one million children: a population-based analysis , 2012, European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.

[16]  C. Panagiotopoulos,et al.  Management recommendations for metabolic complications associated with second generation antipsychotic use in children and youth. , 2011, Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry = Journal de l'Academie canadienne de psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent.

[17]  Yuko Munakata,et al.  Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development , 2013 .

[18]  M. O’Connor,et al.  Intervention for individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: treatment approaches and case management. , 2009, Developmental disabilities research reviews.

[19]  Osman S. Ipsiroglu,et al.  Sleep Hygiene for Children With Neurodevelopmental Disabilities , 2008, Pediatrics.

[20]  Richard P Allen,et al.  Restless legs syndrome prevalence and impact: REST general population study. , 2005, Archives of internal medicine.

[21]  Julianne L. Conry,et al.  Sleep Health Issues for Children with FASD: Clinical Considerations , 2010, International journal of pediatrics.

[22]  M. Witmans,et al.  What is the role of melatonin in the management of sleep disorders in children? , 2006, Paediatrics & child health.

[23]  David W. Smith,et al.  Recognition of the fetal alcohol syndrome in early infancy. , 1973, Lancet.

[24]  J. Weinberg,et al.  Prenatal alcohol exposure: Fetal programming and later life vulnerability to stress, depression and anxiety disorders , 2010, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[25]  Christoph U. Lehmann,et al.  ADHD: Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents , 2011, Pediatrics.

[26]  J. Biederman,et al.  Combined pharmacotherapy: an emerging trend in pediatric psychopharmacology. , 1995, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[27]  N. Keltner,et al.  Biological perspectives: akathisia: ants in your pants. , 2013, Perspectives in psychiatric care.

[28]  Tiffany Wengel,et al.  Sleep and Sensory Characteristics in Young Children With Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder , 2011, Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP.

[29]  Lucila I. Castro-Pastrana,et al.  A systematic review of treatment of drug-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in children. , 2011, Journal of population therapeutics and clinical pharmacology = Journal de la therapeutique des populations et de la pharamcologie clinique.

[30]  C. Panagiotopoulos,et al.  Evidence-based recommendations for monitoring safety of second-generation antipsychotics in children and youth. , 2011, Paediatrics & child health.

[31]  David W. Smith,et al.  The fetal alcohol syndrome. , 1978, The Lamp.

[32]  W. Fleischhacker,et al.  Managing Antipsychotic-Induced Acute and Chronic Akathisia , 2000, Drug safety.

[33]  N. Ryan,et al.  Clinical characteristics of children receiving antipsychotic medication. , 2011, Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology.

[34]  Narong Simakajornboon,et al.  Pediatric restless legs syndrome diagnostic criteria: an update by the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group. , 2013, Sleep medicine.

[35]  S. Patten,et al.  Treatment recommendations for extrapyramidal side effects associated with second-generation antipsychotic use in children and youth. , 2011, Paediatrics & child health.

[36]  Michael Oldani Uncanny Scripts: Understanding Pharmaceutical Emplotment in the Aboriginal Context , 2009, Transcultural psychiatry.

[37]  A. Walters,et al.  Review of the possible relationship and hypothetical links between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the simple sleep related movement disorders, parasomnias, hypersomnias, and circadian rhythm disorders. , 2008, Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

[38]  David Buckley,et al.  Prevalence and epidemiologic characteristics of FASD from various research methods with an emphasis on recent in-school studies. , 2009, Developmental disabilities research reviews.

[39]  J. Illes,et al.  Rising antipsychotic prescriptions for children and youth: cross-sectoral solutions for a multimodal problem , 2014, Canadian Medical Association Journal.

[40]  M. O’Connor,et al.  Psychiatric conditions associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. , 2009, Developmental disabilities research reviews.

[41]  J. McLennan,et al.  Medication effects on symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. , 2008, Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology.

[42]  H. Steinhausen,et al.  Long-term outcome of children with fetal alcohol syndrome: psychopathology, behavior, and intelligence. , 1998, Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research.

[43]  L. Magnus Nonepileptic Uses of Gabapentin , 1999, Epilepsia.

[44]  V. A. Dohner,et al.  Psychostimulant clinical response in fetal alcohol syndrome. , 2000, Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie.

[45]  A. Walters,et al.  Pediatric Restless Legs Syndrome , 2011, Journal of child neurology.

[46]  L. Zwaigenbaum,et al.  Neurobehavioural outcomes of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: A Canadian perspective. , 2008, Paediatrics & child health.

[47]  O. Bruni,et al.  Sleep disorders in children with neurologic diseases. , 2001, Seminars in pediatric neurology.

[48]  E. Hansen,et al.  The occurrence of adverse drug reactions reported for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications in the pediatric population: a qualitative review of empirical studies , 2011, Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment.

[49]  G. Conners,et al.  Evaluating Children with Otitis Media for Bacteremia or Urinary Tract Infection , 2010, International journal of pediatrics.

[50]  Richard P Allen,et al.  Restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease diagnostic criteria: updated International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG) consensus criteria--history, rationale, description, and significance. , 2014, Sleep medicine.

[51]  K. O’Malley,et al.  Clinical Implications of a Link between Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder , 2002, Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie.

[52]  B. Malow,et al.  Gabapentin Shows Promise in Treating Refractory Insomnia in Children , 2013, Journal of child neurology.

[53]  L. Wiggs Sleep Problems in Children with Developmental Disorders , 2001, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine.

[54]  K. O’Malley Safety of combined pharmacotherapy. , 1997, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[55]  J. Owens,et al.  Neurophysiology of circadian rhythm sleep disorders of children with neurodevelopmental disabilities. , 2012, European journal of paediatric neurology : EJPN : official journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society.

[56]  G. Stores,et al.  Severe sleep disturbance and daytime challenging behaviour in children with severe learning disabilities. , 1996, Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR.

[57]  D. Ferguson,et al.  The Person behind the Face of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Student Experiences and Family and Professionals' Perspectives on FASD , 2006 .

[58]  C. Panagiotopoulos,et al.  A Population-Based Study of Antipsychotic Prescription Trends in Children and Adolescents in British Columbia, from 1996 to 2011 , 2013, Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie.

[59]  K. O’Malley,et al.  Clinical Intervention and Support for Children Aged Zero to Five Years with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder and Their Parents/Caregivers , 2014 .

[60]  M. Blankenburg,et al.  Snake: the development and validation of a questionnaire on sleep disturbances in children with severe psychomotor impairment. , 2013, Sleep medicine.