ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION FROM THE CHAIN PERSPECTIVE AND REVISION REPORT

One of the most effective approaches interpreting accident causality is from the chain perspective. However, this approach has been applied only to measuring safety improvement for specific countermeasures. This paper emphasizes that the chain concept, which reflects the generating process of an accident, should be borne in mind when analyzing accidents and preventions. A safety framework of the driving behavior is constructed from the chain perspective in support of this argument. Also, a two-stage approach is proposed to adopt the idea in analyzing accident data. The approach includes applying classification techniques at the first stage and causal inference models at the second stage. The relevant methodologies are introduced and possible issues are discussed. It is believed that the proposed framework and approach would help further studies to analyze and interpret accident data in a more thorough perspective.

[1]  Linda Ng Boyle,et al.  Impact of traveler advisory systems on driving speed: some new evidence , 2004 .

[2]  J. Lyznicki,et al.  Sleepiness, driving, and motor vehicle crashes , 1998 .

[3]  Rune Elvik,et al.  Laws of accident causation. , 2006, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[4]  Rune Elvik,et al.  Assessing the validity of road safety evaluation studies by analysing causal chains. , 2003, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[5]  D. Shinar,et al.  Aggressive driving: an observational study of driver, vehicle, and situational variables. , 2004, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[6]  M A Abdel-Aty,et al.  Exploring the relationship between alcohol and the driver characteristics in motor vehicle accidents. , 2000, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[7]  Nebi Sümer,et al.  Personality and behavioral predictors of traffic accidents: testing a contextual mediated model. , 2003, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[8]  H. Moskowitz,et al.  A review of the literature on the effects of low doses of alcohol on driving-related skills , 2000 .

[9]  Rune Elvik,et al.  The importance of confounding in observational before-and-after studies of road safety measures. , 2002, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[10]  D. Massie,et al.  Traffic accident involvement rates by driver age and gender. , 1995, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[11]  Gary A Davis,et al.  Collective responsibility for freeway rear-ending accidents? An application of probabilistic casual models. , 2006, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[12]  Hang Nguyen,et al.  Distractions and motor vehicle accidents: Data mining application on fatality analysis reporting system (FARS) data files , 2005, Ind. Manag. Data Syst..

[13]  B. A. Matthews,et al.  Characterological, situational, and behavioral risk factors for motor vehicle accidents: a prospective examination. , 2000, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[14]  Mark Vollrath,et al.  How the presence of passengers influences the risk of a collision with another vehicle. , 2002, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[15]  Michael D Keall,et al.  The influence of alcohol, age and number of passengers on the night-time risk of driver fatal injury in New Zealand. , 2004, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[16]  Rune Elvik,et al.  Effects on Accidents of Automatic Speed Enforcement in Norway , 1997 .

[17]  Ezra Hauer,et al.  Observational Before-After Studies in Road Safety , 1997 .

[18]  F P McKenna,et al.  MALE AND FEMALE DRIVERS: HOW DIFFERENT ARE THEY? , 1998 .

[19]  A F Williams,et al.  Effect of Florida's graduated licensing program on the crash rate of teenage drivers. , 2000, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[20]  J. Pearl.  Causality: Models, Reasoning and Inference , 2000 .

[21]  A Vorko,et al.  Multiple attribute entropy classification of school-age injuries. , 2000, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[22]  G. Matthews,et al.  DIMENSIONS OF DRIVER STRESS , 1989 .

[23]  Ezra Hauer,et al.  The harm done by tests of significance. , 2004, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[24]  T Vaa,et al.  COGNITION AND EMOTION IN DRIVER BEHAVIOUR MODELS: SOME CRITICAL VIEWPOINTS , 2001 .

[25]  Esko Keskinen,et al.  Has the difference in accident patterns between male and female drivers changed between 1984 and 2000? , 2004, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[26]  K L Campbell,et al.  Crash involvement rates by driver gender and the role of average annual mileage. , 1997, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[27]  Nicholas J Garber,et al.  IMPACT OF THE COMBINED EFFECT OF SPEED, FLOW AND GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS ON CRASH FREQUENCY ON FOUR-LANE HIGHWAYS , 2000 .

[28]  K. Vanhoof,et al.  Profiling of High-Frequency Accident Locations by Use of Association Rules , 2003 .

[29]  R Wright,et al.  Behavioural factors in accidents at road junctions: the use of a genetic algorithm to extract descriptive rules from police case files. , 1998, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[30]  Peter Cummings,et al.  Passenger seating position and the risk of passenger death or injury in traffic crashes. , 2004, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[31]  M. Legge,et al.  Age related changes in drivers' crash risk and crash type. , 1998, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[32]  Yi-Shih Chung,et al.  Rough set approach for accident chains exploration. , 2007, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[33]  D Fleury,et al.  Accident prototypical scenarios, a tool for road safety research and diagnostic studies. , 2001, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[34]  Wilfred W Recker,et al.  Freeway safety as a function of traffic flow. , 2002, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[35]  M Segui-Gomez,et al.  Child Passenger Safety: Decisions about Seating Location, Airbag Exposure, and Restraint Use , 2000, Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis.

[36]  P Cook,et al.  Practical Road Safety Auditing , 2001 .

[37]  Herb M. Simpson,et al.  PREDICTING CRASH INVOLVEMENT AMONG YOUNG DRIVERS , 1993 .

[38]  D. Yagil,et al.  Instrumental and normative motives for compliance with traffic laws among young and older drivers. , 1998, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[39]  Susan A Ferguson,et al.  Other high-risk factors for young drivers - how graduated licensing does, doesn't or could address them. , 2013, Annual proceedings. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine.

[40]  Li-Yen Chang,et al.  Analysis of traffic injury severity: an application of non-parametric classification tree techniques. , 2006, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[41]  M G Karlaftis,et al.  Heterogeneity considerations in accident modeling. , 1998, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[42]  Keiichi Yamada,et al.  Preliminary study of behavioral and safety effects of driver dependence on a warning system in a driving simulator , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans.

[43]  P. Swann,et al.  The involvement of drugs in drivers of motor vehicles killed in Australian road traffic crashes. , 2004, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[44]  Anabela Simões,et al.  The cognitive training needs of older drivers , 2003 .

[45]  Lisa J. Molnar,et al.  IMPROVEMENT OF OLDER DRIVER SAFETY THROUGH SELF EVALUATION: THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SELF-EVALUATION INSTRUMENT , 2000 .

[46]  D. Eisenberg.  The mixed effects of precipitation on traffic crashes. , 2004, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[47]  S Laapotti,et al.  Differences in fatal loss-of-control accidents between young male and female drivers. , 1998, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[48]  Rune Elvik,et al.  The Handbook of Road Safety Measures , 2009 .

[49]  S. Broste,et al.  The effect of epilepsy or diabetes mellitus on the risk of automobile accidents. , 1991, The New England journal of medicine.

[50]  James T. Reason,et al.  Managing the risks of organizational accidents , 1997 .

[51]  Mohamed Abdel-Aty,et al.  Analysis and prediction of traffic fatalities resulting from angle collisions including the effect of vehicles' configuration and compatibility. , 2004, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[52]  Jane C Stutts,et al.  Driver risk factors for sleep-related crashes. , 2003, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[53]  W A Harrison,et al.  The occupations of drink drivers: using occupational information to identify targetable characteristics of offenders. , 1998, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[54]  H L Ross,et al.  CONCEPTS AND CLASSIFICATION OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENT CAUSES , 1960 .

[55]  L Li,et al.  Personal and behavioral predictors of automobile crash and injury severity. , 1995, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[56]  P Juarez,et al.  A conceptual framework for reducing risky teen driving behaviors among minority youth , 2006, Injury Prevention.