Chologene Diarrhö, Stiefkind der chronischen Diarrhö – Prävalenz, Diagnostik und Therapie. Update 2021

Zusammenfassung Die chologene Diarrhö ist eine der häufigsten nicht diagnostizierten Ursachen der chronischen Diarrhö. Zahlreiche verschiedene Pathophysiologien können einer chronischen Diarrhö zugrunde liegen. Auch nach Ausschlussdiagnostik der häufigeren Ursachen verbleiben bis zu 5 % der Bevölkerung von einer ungeklärten chronischen Diarrhö betroffen. In diesem Kollektiv findet sich in bis zu 50 % als Ursache eine chologene Diarrhö. Die verschiedenen Pathophysiologien, die zu einer chologenen Diarrhö führen, sind gut charakterisiert. Danach lässt sich die chologene Diarrhö in einen primären, einen sekundären und einen tertiären Subtyp unterteilen. Allen Ursachen gemein sind die erhöhte Menge an Gallensäuren im Kolon und im Fäzes und die dadurch bedingte sekretorisch-osmotische Diarrhö, bei schwereren Formen in Kombination mit einer Steatorrhö. Die Diagnostik der chologenen Diarrhö folgt einem klaren Algorithmus, der neben der Ursachensuche und dem diagnostischen Therapieversuch den 75SeHCAT-Test als Referenzverfahren für den Nachweis eines Gallensäurenverlusts angibt. Aufgrund der Chronizität der Beschwerden und der Notwendigkeit einer dauerhaften, lebenslangen Therapie scheint eine einmalige sichere Diagnosestellung prinzipiell sinnvoll; der Test ist allerdings derzeit nur an wenigen Zentren verfügbar. Die Therapie umfasst neben der Behandlung identifizierbarer Grundkrankheiten den Einsatz von Gallensäuren bindenden Arzneimitteln, Ernährungsempfehlungen und Vitaminsubstitutionen. Der vorliegende Übersichtsartikel fasst Pathophysiologie und Stellenwert der chologenen Diarrhö zusammen und diskutiert die aktuelle Diagnostik und Therapie.

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