Wave and equation based rate control using multicast round trip time

This paper introduces Wave and Equation Based Rate Control (WEBRC), the first multiple rate multicast congestion control protocol to be equation based. The equation-based approach enforces fairness to TCP with the benefit that fluctuations in the flow rate are small in comparison to TCP.This paper also introduces the multicast round trip time (MRTT), a multicast analogue of the unicast round trip time (RTT). The MRTT is fundamental to the equation-based protocol that each receiver uses to adjust its reception rate. Each receiver independently measures its own MRTT without placing any added messaging burden on the receiver, the sender or the intermediate network elements. Benefits provided by the MRTT include those that the RTT provides to TCP, e.g., reduced reception rates in reaction to buffer filling and fair sharing of bottleneck links. In addition, the use of MRTT is shown to synchronize and equalize the reception rates of proximate receivers and to cause reception rates to increase as the density of receivers increases.Another innovation of WEBRC is the idea of transmitting data with waves: the transmission rate on a channel is periodic, with an exponentially decreasing form during an active period followed by a quiescent period. Benefits of using waves include insensitivity to large IGMP leave latency; a frequency of joins and leaves by each receiver that is small and independent of the receiver reception rate; the use of a small number of multicast channels; fine-grained control over the receiver reception rate; and minimal, at times nonexistent, losses due to buffer overflow.