Minimal PD-1 expression in mouse and human NK cells under diverse conditions.

PD-1 expression is a hallmark of both early antigen-specific T-cell activation and later chronic stimulation suggesting key roles in both naive T-cell priming and memory T-cell responses. Although important similarities exist between T cells and NK cells, there are critical differences reflecting their biology and functions. The putative role of PD-1 expression in NK cell immunoregulation has been controversial. Our objective was to comprehensively assess PD-1 expression on NK cells using multiple sources and readouts. Primary human tumor samples, ex vivo culturing, mouse tumors and viral models were all assessed using flow cytometry, qRT-PCR and RNA sequencing. We demonstrate that under multiple activating conditions, highly purified human and mouse NK cells consistently lack PD-1 expression despite the marked upregulation of other regulatory markers such as TIGIT. We further show that neither NK cells from T-cell deficient Rag2-/- mice nor from transgenic PD-1 reporter mice express PD-1 using tumor or viral infection models. Asialo-GM1 (ASGM1), a receptor commonly targeted for NK-specific depletion, was also expressed on activated T cells co-expressing PD-1 contributing to in vivo effects previously attributed to NK cells. These data have important implications when attempting to discern NK from T cell effects depending on the models used and whether PD-1 blockade will directly impact NK cell therapies.