Distributed, modular, open control architecture for power conversion systems

Due to close coupling to hardware and lack of software engineering technologies, the control software in digitally controlled power conversion systems is difficult to design and maintain. This is a natural consequence of a topology- or application-driven design approach. This paper proposes a distributed, modular, open control architecture for power conversion systems to decompose control design complexity and encapsulate and localize design dependencies to reduce unnecessary redesign effort and improve software quality. An implementation of the proposed control architecture is presented and evaluated by comparison to the legacy approach to control design in industry and academia.

[1]  John A. Stankovic.  Real-time and embedded systems , 1996, CSUR.

[2]  Robert M. Keller,et al.  Data Flow Program Graphs , 1982, Computer.

[3]  F. C. Lee,et al.  A high power density, high efficiency and fast transient voltage regulator module with a novel current sensing and current sharing technique , 1999, APEC '99. Fourteenth Annual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition. 1999 Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.99CH36285).

[4]  Ivan Celanovic,et al.  A new distributed digital controller for the next generation of power electronics building blocks , 2000, APEC 2000. Fifteenth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (Cat. No.00CH37058).

[5]  D. M. Divan,et al.  Delta modulation strategies for resonant link inverters , 1987, IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference.

[6]  P. Feller.  Speed Control of an AC Motor by State Variables Feedback with Decoupling , 1983 .

[7]  R. G. Hoft,et al.  Controlled PWM Inverter with Parameter Estimation Using Only Voltage Sensor , 1986 .

[8]  Stephen H. Edwards,et al.  DARK: Designing A High Performance Micro-kernel for Power Electronics Controllers , 2002 .

[9]  J.H.R. Enslin,et al.  High performance DSP/FPGA controller for implementation of computationally intensive algorithms , 1998, IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics. Proceedings. ISIE'98 (Cat. No.98TH8357).

[10]  T. Ericsen,et al.  Power Electronic Building Blocks-a systematic approach to power electronics , 2000, 2000 Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting (Cat. No.00CH37134).

[11]  Chung Laung Liu,et al.  Scheduling Algorithms for Multiprogramming in a Hard-Real-Time Environment , 1989, JACM.

[12]  Edward A. Lee,et al.  Software Synthesis from Dataflow Graphs , 1996 .

[13]  Henryk Tunia,et al.  Automatic control of converter-fed drives , 1994 .

[14]  R. W. Lewis,et al.  Programming Industrial Control Systems Using IEC 1131-3 , 1995 .

[15]  T. M. Jahns,et al.  Discrete pulse modulation strategies for high-frequency inverter systems , 1989 .

[16]  Lui Sha,et al.  Rate Monotonic Analysis for Real-Time Systems , 1991 .

[17]  Stephen H. Edwards,et al.  Elementary control objects: toward a dataflow architecture for power electronics control software , 2002, 2002 IEEE 33rd Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.02CH37289).

[18]  Yen-Shin Lai,et al.  The relationship between space-vector modulation and regular-sampled PWM , 1997, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron..

[19]  J.A. Melkebeek,et al.  Digital control of boost PFC converters operating in both continuous and discontinuous conduction mode , 2004, 2004 IEEE 35th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37551).

[20]  Mary Shaw,et al.  Software architecture - perspectives on an emerging discipline , 1996 .

[21]  Issa Batarseh,et al.  A multiphase DC/DC converter with hysteretic voltage control and current sharing , 2002, APEC. Seventeenth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (Cat. No.02CH37335).

[22]  P. Ziogas,et al.  On maximizing gain and minimizing switching frequency of delta modulated inverters , 1993, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron..

[23]  A. Zuccato,et al.  Digital adaptive hysteresis current control with clocked commutations and wide operating range , 1994 .

[24]  Michael Schiebe,et al.  Real-time systems engineering and applications , 1992 .

[25]  J.H.R. Enslin,et al.  An integrated controller module for distributed control of power electronics , 1998, APEC '98 Thirteenth Annual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition.

[26]  F.C. Lee,et al.  Optimal design of the active droop control method for the transient response , 2003, Eighteenth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2003. APEC '03..

[27]  Chun-Taek Rim,et al.  A complete DC and AC analysis of three-phase controlled-current PWM rectifier using circuit D-Q transformation , 1994 .

[28]  R. W. Lye,et al.  Power converter handbook : theory, design, application , 1976 .

[29]  R.W. Erickson,et al.  Control and implementation of a new modular matrix converter , 2004, Nineteenth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2004. APEC '04..

[30]  Gerald Francis,et al.  A Synchronous Distributed Digital Control Architecture for High Power Converters , 2004 .

[31]  F. C. Lee,et al.  Power electronics building block and system integration , 2000, Proceedings IPEMC 2000. Third International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (IEEE Cat. No.00EX435).

[32]  M. Pietrzak-David,et al.  Digital control of an induction motor drive by a stochastic estimator and airgap magnetic flux feedback loop , 1992 .

[33]  Vlatko Vlatkovic,et al.  Digital-signal-processor-based control of three-phase space vector modulated converters , 1994, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron..

[34]  John A. Houldsworth,et al.  The Use of Harmonic Distortion to Increase the Output Voltage of a Three-Phase PWM Inverter , 1984, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

[35]  Dong-Choon Lee,et al.  A novel overmodulation technique for space vector PWM inverters , 1997 .

[36]  Andreas Speck,et al.  Reusable industrial control systems , 2003, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron..

[37]  Omri Serlin,et al.  Scheduling of time critical processes , 1899, AFIPS '72 (Spring).

[38]  Gyeong-Hae Han,et al.  All-digital logic control PWM/PFC for inverter system , 2000, ICECS 2000. 7th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (Cat. No.00EX445).

[39]  Frank Vahid,et al.  Embedded system design - a unified hardware / software introduction , 2001 .

[40]  David E. Culler,et al.  Dataflow architectures , 1986 .

[41]  Bimal K. Bose,et al.  Power Electronics and Variable Frequency Drives , 1996 .

[42]  Andrzej M. Trzynadlowski,et al.  Introduction to modern power electronics , 1998 .

[43]  H. van der Broeck,et al.  Analysis and Realization of a Pulse Width Modulator Based on Voltage Space Vectors , 1986, 1986 Annual Meeting Industry Applications Society.

[44]  A. Trzynadlowski,et al.  An overview of modern PWM techniques for three-phase, voltage-controlled, voltage-source inverters , 1996, Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics.

[45]  H.J. Beukes,et al.  A distributed control strategy for multi-cell converters , 2001, APEC 2001. Sixteenth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (Cat. No.01CH37181).

[46]  Thomas A. Lipo,et al.  A high-performance generalized discontinuous PWM algorithm , 1998 .

[47]  A. Schonung,et al.  Static Frequency Changers with "Subharmonic" Control in Conjunction with Reversible Variable-Speed A.C.Drives , 1964 .

[48]  Bimal K. Bose,et al.  Modern Power Electronics and AC Drives , 2001 .

[49]  Marian P. Kazmierkowski,et al.  Current control techniques for three-phase voltage-source PWM converters: a survey , 1998, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron..

[50]  M.P. Kazmierkowski,et al.  Review of current regulation methods for VS-PWM inverters , 1993, ISIE '93 - Budapest: IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics Conference Proceedings.

[51]  A. F. Wick,et al.  Design and Experimental Results of a Brushless AC Servo Drive , 1984, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

[52]  J.H.R. Enslin,et al.  A DSP based controller for back to back power electronic converters with FPGA integration , 1997, Proceedings of APEC 97 - Applied Power Electronics Conference.

[53]  Boon-Teck Ooi,et al.  A multiprocessor digital signal processing system for real-time power converter applications , 1991 .

[54]  V. Blasko,et al.  Analysis of a hybrid PWM based on modified space vector and triangle comparison methods , 1996, IAS '96. Conference Record of the 1996 IEEE Industry Applications Conference Thirty-First IAS Annual Meeting.

[55]  T.G. Habetler,et al.  Control strategies for direct torque control using discrete pulse modulation , 1989, Conference Record of the IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting,.

[56]  F. Jenni,et al.  The optimization parameters of space vector modulation , 2002 .

[57]  L. Malesani,et al.  PWM current control techniques of voltage source converters-a survey , 1993, Proceedings of IECON '93 - 19th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics.

[58]  D.W. Novotny,et al.  The universal field oriented controller , 1988, Conference Record of the 1988 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting.

[59]  J. Holtz,et al.  Pulsewidth modulation for electronic power conversion , 1994, Proc. IEEE.

[60]  J.H.R. Enslin,et al.  Experimental evaluation of digital control options for high power electronics , 1995, Proceedings of IECON '95 - 21st Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics.

[61]  J. Kolar,et al.  Influence of the modulation method on the conduction and switching losses of a PWM converter system , 1990, Conference Record of the 1990 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting.

[62]  Atsuo Kawamura,et al.  Deadbeat controlled PWM inverter with parameter estimation using only voltage sensor , 1988, 1986 17th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference.

[63]  A. Nabae,et al.  A novel PWM scheme of voltage source inverters based on space vector theory , 1990 .

[64]  Donald W. Novotny,et al.  Current Control of VSI-PWM Inverters , 1985, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

[65]  Russel J. Kerkman,et al.  A New Synchronous Current Regulator and an Analysis of Current-Regulated PWM Inverters , 1986, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

[66]  Donald Grahame Holmes,et al.  Implementation of a direct digital predictive current controller for single and three phase voltage source inverters , 1996, IAS '96. Conference Record of the 1996 IEEE Industry Applications Conference Thirty-First IAS Annual Meeting.

[67]  W. Huang.  A new control for multi-phase buck converter with fast transient response , 2001, APEC 2001. Sixteenth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (Cat. No.01CH37181).

[68]  Li Zhang,et al.  Analysis and comparison of control techniques for AC-AC matrix converters , 1998 .

[69]  T. Ericsen,et al.  Power Electronics Building Blocks and potential power modulator applications , 1998, Conference Record of the Twenty-Third International Power Modulator Symposium (Cat. No. 98CH36133).

[70]  L. Gyugyi,et al.  Static power frequency changers: Theory, performance, and application , 1976 .

[71]  Jaeho Choi,et al.  Improved digital control scheme of three phase UPS inverter using double control strategy , 1997, Proceedings of APEC 97 - Applied Power Electronics Conference.

[72]  Phillip A. Laplante,et al.  Real-time systems design and analysis - an engineer's handbook , 1992 .

[73]  Dushan Boroyevich,et al.  A new control architecture for future distributed power electronics systems , 2000, 2000 IEEE 31st Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37018).

[74]  W. Sulkowski,et al.  Compact realisation of PWM-VSI current controller for PMSM drive application using low cost standard microcontroller , 1992, PESC '92 Record. 23rd Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference.

[75]  J.H.R. Enslin,et al.  A DSP based controller for high dynamic bandwidth power electronic applications , 1996, Proceedings of IEEE. AFRICON '96.

[76]  F.C. Lee,et al.  A novel control method for multiphase voltage regulators , 2003, Eighteenth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2003. APEC '03..