Working for Two: A Bidirectional Grammar for a Controlled Natural Language

This paper introduces the controlled natural language PENG Light together with a language processor that is based on a bidirectional grammar. The language processor has the following interesting properties: (a) it translates declarative sentences written in PENG Light into a first-order logic notation (TPTP); (b) it generates declarative sentences in PENG Light taking syntactically annotated TPTP formulas as input; and (c) it translates questions written in PENG Light into (conjunctive) queries in TPTP notation and uses the TPTP representation of the query as a starting point for generating answers in PENG Light. Moreover, the controlled natural language processor can be interfaced directly with an automated reasoner in order to resolve anaphoric references and to answer questions stated in PENG Light.

[1]  Harry R. Tennant,et al.  Talk to Your Semantic Web , 2005, IEEE Internet Comput..

[2]  Uwe Reyle,et al.  From Discourse to Logic - Introduction to Modeltheoretic Semantics of Natural Language, Formal Logic and Discourse Representation Theory , 1993, Studies in linguistics and philosophy.

[3]  Geoffrey Sampson,et al.  The Oxford Handbook of Computational Linguistics , 2003, Lit. Linguistic Comput..

[4]  Stuart M. Shieber,et al.  Prolog and Natural-Language Analysis , 1987 .

[5]  Terence Parsons,et al.  Events in the Semantics of English: A Study in Subatomic Semantics , 1990 .

[6]  Ralf Schwitter,et al.  ECOLE: a look-ahead editor of controlled language , 2003, EAMT.

[7]  Kaarel Kaljurand,et al.  Attempto Controlled English for Knowledge Representation , 2008, Reasoning Web.

[8]  Rolf Schwitter,et al.  English as a formal specification language , 2002, Proceedings. 13th International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications.

[9]  Geoff Sutcliffe,et al.  The TPTP Problem Library , 1994, Journal of Automated Reasoning.

[10]  SutcliffeGeoff,et al.  The TPTP Problem Library , 1998 .

[11]  Rolf Schwitter,et al.  Meaningful web annotations for humans and machines using controlled natural language , 2008, Expert Syst. J. Knowl. Eng..

[12]  Bill Swartout,et al.  Description-Logic Knowledge Representation System Specification from the KRSS Group of the ARPA Know , 1993 .

[13]  Peter Clark,et al.  Acquiring and Using World Knowledge Using a Restricted Subset of English , 2005, FLAIRS Conference.

[14]  Norbert E. Fuchs,et al.  Attempto Controlled English - Not Just Another Logic Specification Language , 1998, LOPSTR.

[15]  Richard Kittredge.  Sublanguages and Controlled Languages , 2005 .

[16]  Volker Haarslev,et al.  Racer: A Core Inference Engine for the Semantic Web , 2003, EON.

[17]  Patrick Saint-Dizier,et al.  Review of Prolog and natural-language analysis: CSLI lecture notes 10 by Fernando C. N. Pereira and Stuart M. Shieber. Center for the Study of Language and Information 1987. , 1988 .

[18]  Ruslan Mitkov,et al.  The Oxford handbook of computational linguistics , 2003 .

[19]  David J. Israel,et al.  Reading to Learn: An Investigation into Language Understanding , 2007, AAAI Spring Symposium: Machine Reading.

[20]  Uwe Reyle,et al.  From discourse to logic , 1993 .