The Dilemma of Plants: To Grow or Defend

Physiological and ecological constraints play key roles in the evolution of plant growth patterns, especially in relation to defenses against herbivores. Phenotypic and life history theories are unified within the growth-differentiation balance (GDB) framework, forming an integrated system of theories explaining and predicting patterns of plant defense and competitive interactions in ecological and evolutionary time. Plant activity at the cellular level can be classified as growth (cell division and enlargement) of differentiation (chemical and morphological changes leading to cell maturation and specialization). The GDB hypothesis of plant defense is premised upon a physiological trade-off between growth and differentiation processes. The trade-off between growth and defense exists because secondary metabolism and structural reinforcement are physiologically constrained in dividing and enlarging cells, and because they divert resources from the production of new leaf area. Hence the dilemma of plants: They must grow fast enough to complete, yet maintain the defenses necessary to survive in the presence of pathogens and hervivores. The physiological trade-off between growth and differentiation processes interacts with herbivory and plant-plant competition to manifest itself as a genetic trade-off between growth and defense in the evolution of plant life history strategies. Evolutionary theories of plant defense are reviewed. We also extend a standard growth rate model by separating its ecological and evolutionary components,and formalizing the role of competition in the evolution of plant defense. We conclude with a conceptual model of the evolution of plant defense in which plant physioligical trade-offs interact with the abiotic environment, competition and herbivory.

[1]  D. Ayre,et al.  The evolutionary ecology of corals. , 1992, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[2]  Robert J. Marquis,et al.  A Bite is a Bite is a Bite? Constraints on Response to Folivory in Piper Arieianum (Piperaceae) , 1992 .

[3]  F. Slansky.  Chapter 4 – Allelochemical–Nutrient Interactions in Herbivore Nutritional Ecology , 1992 .

[4]  T. Elmqvist,et al.  Vole feeding on male and female willow shoots along a gradient of plant productivity , 1991 .

[5]  P. Price.  The Plant Vigor Hypothesis and Herbivore Attack , 1991 .

[6]  M. L. Williams,et al.  The effects of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide and temperature on carbon partitioning, source‐sink relations and respiration , 1991 .

[7]  J. Reynolds,et al.  The Influence of Carbon Dioxide and Daily Photon-flux Density on Optimal Leaf Nitrogen Concentration and Root: Shoot Ratio , 1991 .

[8]  H. Damman,et al.  Nitrogen Content of Food Plants and Vulnerability of Pieris Rapae to Natural Enemies , 1991 .

[9]  S. Courtney,et al.  Plant Apparency and Evolutionary Escape from Insect Herbivory , 1991, The American Naturalist.

[10]  R. Sangwan,et al.  Mobilization of starch and essential oil biogenesis during leaf ontogeny of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus stapf.) , 1991 .

[11]  R. Firn,et al.  On the evolution of plant secondary chemical diversity , 1991 .

[12]  R. Denno,et al.  Deactivation of Plant Defense: Correspondence Between Insect Behavior and Secretory Canal Architecture , 1991 .

[13]  S. Larsson,et al.  Pine sawfly defence and variation in host plant resin acids: a trade‐off with growth , 1991 .

[14]  R. J. Luxmoore,et al.  A source-sink framework for coupling water, carbon, and nutrient dynamics of vegetation. , 1991, Tree physiology.

[15]  M. Willson.  Foliar Shelters for Mites in the Eastern Deciduous Forest , 1991 .

[16]  G. Neumann,et al.  L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase in seedlings of Oenothera : plasmotype dependent regulation and tissue specific distribution , 1991 .

[17]  G. Wagner.  Secreting glandular trichomes: more than just hairs. , 1991, Plant physiology.

[18]  P. Niemelä,et al.  DEFOLIATION OF THE SCOTS PINE AND PERFORMANCE OF DIPRIONID SAWFLIES , 1991 .

[19]  P. Coley,et al.  Nitrogen content and expansion rate of young leaves of rain forest species: implications for herbivory , 1991 .

[20]  A. Koops,et al.  Triterpenoid Biosynthesis in the Etiolated Seedling of Euphorbia lathyris L. Developmental Changes and the Regulation of Local Triterpenoid Production , 1991 .

[21]  M. Willson,et al.  Associations between mites and leaf dornatia. , 1991, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[22]  R. Croteau,et al.  Defense mechanisms of conifers : differences in constitutive and wound-induced monoterpene biosynthesis among species. , 1991, Plant physiology.

[23]  R. Croteau,et al.  Defense mechanisms of conifers : relationship of monoterpene cyclase activity to anatomical specialization and oleoresin monoterpene content. , 1991, Plant physiology.

[24]  R. Wallsgrove,et al.  Variation in the glucosinolate content of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) leaves. I, Effect of leaf age and position , 1991 .

[25]  S. Strauss.  Direct, Indirect, and Cumulative Effects of Three Native Herbivores on a Shared Host Plant , 1991 .

[26]  C. Bock,et al.  Variation in the glucosinolate content of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) leaves. II. Response to infection by Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. , 1991 .

[27]  C. Cotton,et al.  The Accumulation of Volatile Oils in Whole Plants and Cell Cultures of Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) , 1991 .

[28]  S. Lapinjoki,et al.  Development and structure of resin glands on tissues of Betula pendula Roth, during growth , 1991 .

[29]  G. S. Premachandra,et al.  Cell Membrane Stability and Leaf Surface Wax Content as Affected by Increasing Water Deficits in Maize , 1991 .

[30]  James B. Grace,et al.  Perspectives on Plant Competition , 1991 .

[31]  M. Hughes.  The cyanogenic polymorphism in Trifolium repens L. (white clover) , 1991, Heredity.

[32]  Eun-soo Kim,et al.  SECRETORY CAVITY DEVELOPMENT IN GLANDULAR TRICHOMES OF CANNABIS SATIVA L. (CANNABACEAE) , 1991 .

[33]  N. Owen‐Smith,et al.  Effects of Severe Defoliation on the Long-Term Resistance to Insect Attack and on Leaf Chemistry in Six Woody Species of the Southern African Savanna , 1991, The American Naturalist.

[34]  M. Rousi,et al.  A Mechanism of Resistance to Hare Browsing in Winter-Dormant European White Birch (Betula pendula) , 1991, The American Naturalist.

[35]  E. Haukioja.  Induction of Defenses in Trees , 1991 .

[36]  M. Rousi,et al.  A MECHANISM OF RESISTANCE TO HARE BROWSING , 1991 .

[37]  C. Körner.  Some Often Overlooked Plant Characteristics as Determinants of Plant Growth: A Reconsideration , 1991 .

[38]  R. Verpoorte,et al.  Control and biological implications of alkaloid synthesis inCinchona seedlings , 1991 .

[39]  F. Stuart Chapin,et al.  Integrated Responses of Plants to Stress , 1991 .

[40]  S. Rhizopoulou,et al.  Water stress-induced diurnal variations in leaf water relations, stomatal conductance, soluble sugars, lipids and essential oil content of Origanum majorana L. , 1991 .

[41]  Takeo Suzuki,et al.  Seasonal variations in biosynthetic capacity for the synthesis of caffeine in tea leaves , 1991 .

[42]  K. Ruohomäki,et al.  Nutritional quality as a defense against herbivores , 1991 .

[43]  D. Herms,et al.  Woody plant grazing systems: North American outbreak folivores and their host plants , 1991 .

[44]  P. Niemelä,et al.  The Panglossian paradigm and delayed inducible accumulation of foliar phenolics in mountain birch , 1990 .

[45]  J. McGraw,et al.  Interactive effects of resource availabilities and defoliation on photosynthesis, growth, and mortality of red oak seedlings. , 1990, Tree physiology.

[46]  W. Lewis,et al.  Exploitation of Herbivore-Induced Plant Odors by Host-Seeking Parasitic Wasps , 1990, Science.

[47]  I. F. Wardlaw,et al.  Tansley Review No. 27 The control of carbon partitioning in plants. , 1990, The New phytologist.

[48]  E. Simms,et al.  The ecology and evolution of host-plant resistance to insects. , 1990, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[49]  M. Berenbaum,et al.  Furanocoumarin Induction in Wild Parsnip: Genetics and Population Variation , 1990 .

[50]  J. Antos,et al.  A Comparison of Reproductive Effort in the Dioecious Shrub Oemleria cerasiformis Using Nitrogen, Energy and Biomass as Currencies , 1990 .

[51]  G. Fernandes.  Hypersensitivity: a neglected plant resistance mechanism against insect herbivores , 1990 .

[52]  H. Lambers,et al.  Carbon and nitrogen economy of 24 wild species differing in relative growth rate. , 1990, Plant physiology.

[53]  A. H. Prins,et al.  The impact of herbivory on plant numbers in all life stages of Cynoglossum officinale L. and Senecio jacobaea L. , 1990 .

[54]  S. Hubbell,et al.  The spatial pattern and reproductive consequences of outbreak defoliation in Quararibea asterolepis, a tropical tree. , 1990 .

[55]  P. Coley,et al.  Dioecy and herbivory: the effect of growth rate on plant defense in Acer negundo. , 1990 .

[56]  C. Pollock.  The response of plants to temperature change , 1990, The Journal of Agricultural Science.

[57]  G. English-loeb.  Plant drought stress and outbreaks of spider mites: a field test. , 1990 .

[58]  J. Horner.  Nonlinear effects of water deficits on foliar tannin concentration , 1990 .

[59]  D. Hilbert,et al.  Optimization of Plant Root: Shoot Ratios and Internal Nitrogen Concentration , 1990 .

[60]  Craig Loehle,et al.  On the relationship between r/K selection and environmental carrying capacity: a new habitat templet for plant life history strategies. , 1990 .

[61]  R. Kadmon,et al.  COMPETITION IN A VARIABLE ENVIRONMENT: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN A DESERT ANNUAL PLANT POPULATION , 1990 .

[62]  W. Boecklen,et al.  Sex and Drugs and Herbivores: Sex‐Biased Herbivory in Arroyo Willow (Salix Lasiolepis) , 1990 .

[63]  P. Lundberg,et al.  Low Nutritive Quality as a Defense Against Optimally Foraging Herbivores , 1990, The American Naturalist.

[64]  D. Les,et al.  BIOCHEMICAL HETEROPHYLLY AND FLAVONOID EVOLUTION IN NORTH AMERICAN POTAMOGETON (POTAMOGETONACEAE). , 1990, American journal of botany.

[65]  J. Lanza,et al.  Amino Acid Concentrations in Extrafloral Nectar of Impatiens Sultani Increase after Simulated Herbivory , 1990 .

[66]  J. Harborne.  Constraints on the evolution of biochemical pathways , 1990 .

[67]  Ian T. Baldwin,et al.  The Reproductive Consequences Associated with Inducible Alkaloidal Responses in Wild Tobacco , 1990 .

[68]  P. Vitousek,et al.  GROWTH RESPONSES OF TROPICAL SHRUBS TO TREEFALL GAP ENVIRONMENTS , 1990 .

[69]  E. Bernays,et al.  Effects of ingestion of some non‐host plant secondary compounds on larvae of Manauca sexta , 1990 .

[70]  R. Marquis.  GENOTYPIC VARIATION IN LEAF DAMAGE IN PIPER ARIEIANUM (PIPERACEAE) BY A MULTISPECIES ASSEMBLAGE OF HERBIVORES , 1990, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[71]  F. Meinzer,et al.  Effects of Leaf Resin on Stomatal Behaviour and Gas Exchange of Larrea tridentata , 1990 .

[72]  F. Berendse,et al.  Competition and nutrient availability in heathland and grassland ecosystems , 1990 .

[73]  D. Tilman.  Constraints and tradeoffs: toward a predictive theory of competition and succession , 1990 .

[74]  P. L. Kooman,et al.  Integration of activity in the higher plant. , 1990 .

[75]  L. Oksanen.  Predation, herbivory, and plant strategies along gradients of primary productivity. , 1990 .

[76]  E. Rabe.  Stress physiology: the functional significance of the accumulation of nitrogen-containing compounds. , 1990 .

[77]  James B. Grace,et al.  Components of resource competition in plant communities. , 1990 .

[78]  K. Clay.  Fungal endophytes of grasses. , 1990 .

[79]  D. Lynn,et al.  PHENOLIC SIGNALS IN COHABITATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR PLANT DEVELOPMENT , 1990 .

[80]  O. Gottlieb.  Phytochemicals: Differentiation and function , 1990 .

[81]  R. Reader.  Competition constrained by low nutrient supply: an example involving Hieracium floribundum Wimm & Grab. (Compositae). , 1990 .

[82]  M. Maffei.  Plasticity and genotypic variation in some Mentha × verticillata hybrids , 1990 .

[83]  J. Simon,et al.  Effects of osmotic stress on the essential oil content and composition of peppermint. , 1990 .

[84]  S. Lips,et al.  The strength of sclerophyllous cells to resist collapse due to negative turgor pressure. , 1990 .

[85]  S. Louda,et al.  Herbivore influences on plant performance and competitive interactions. , 1990 .

[86]  D. Ross,et al.  Nantucket pine tip moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) response to water and nutrient status of loblolly pine. , 1990 .

[87]  F. A. Bazzaz,et al.  The Response of Natural Ecosystems to the Rising Global CO2 Levels , 1990 .

[88]  C. Maxwell,et al.  Chrysoeriol and Luteolin Released from Alfalfa Seeds Induce nod Genes in Rhizobium meliloti. , 1990, Plant physiology.

[89]  F. Stuart Chapin,et al.  The Ecology and Economics of Storage in Plants , 1990 .

[90]  M. C. Alliende.  Demographic studies of a dioecious tree. II: The distribution of leaf predation within and between trees , 1989 .

[91]  R. Stipanovic,et al.  Terpenoid aldehydes in upland cottons. II: Genotype-environment interactions , 1989 .

[92]  D. Williams,et al.  Why are secondary metabolites (natural products) biosynthesized? , 1989, Journal of natural products.

[93]  B. Mccarthy,et al.  Effects of herbivory and competition on survival of Carya tomentosa (Juglandaceae) seedlings , 1989 .

[94]  D. Whigham,et al.  Costs of Flower and Fruit Production in Tipularia Discolor (Orchidaceae) , 1989 .

[95]  C. Crawford,et al.  Influence of insect herbivory on photosynthetic area and reproduction in Gutierrezia species , 1989 .

[96]  K. Ernest.  Insect herbivory on a tropical understory tree: effects of leaf age and habitat , 1989 .

[97]  R. Reader,et al.  Variation in competition along an environmental gradient: Hieracium floribundum in an abandoned pasture , 1989 .

[98]  U. Margna,et al.  Influence of Nitrogen Nutrition on the Utilization of L-Phenylalanine for Building Flavonoids in Buckwheat Seedling Tissues , 1989 .

[99]  J. L. Doust,et al.  Plant reproductive ecology: patterns and strategies. , 1989 .

[100]  C. Schlichting.  Phenotypic Integration and Environmental ChangeWhat are the consequences of differential phenotypic plasticity of traits , 1989 .

[101]  S. Stearns.  The Evolutionary Significance of Phenotypic PlasticityPhenotypic sources of variation among organisms can be described by developmental switches and reaction norms , 1989 .

[102]  N. Owen‐Smith,et al.  Resource availability hypothesis of plant antiherbivore defence tested in a South African savanna ecosystem , 1989, Nature.

[103]  M. Willson,et al.  Leaf domatia and mites on Australasian plants: ecological and evolutionary implications , 1989 .

[104]  P. W. Barlow,et al.  Meristems, metamers and modules and the development of shoot and root systems , 1989 .

[105]  K. Dietz.  Leaf and Chloroplast Development in Relation to Nutrient Availability , 1989 .

[106]  J. Staden,et al.  The Relationship between Season, Growth and Isoprenoid Biosynthesis in Parthentum argentatum , 1989 .

[107]  T. Whitham,et al.  The Continuum of Plant Responses to Herbivory: The Influence of Plant Association, Nutrient Availability, and Timing , 1989, The American Naturalist.

[108]  T. Vuorisalo,et al.  Hierarchical selection in modular organisms. , 1989, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[109]  D. Tallamy,et al.  Variation and Function of Cucurbitacins in Cucurbita: An Examination of Current Hypotheses , 1989, The American Naturalist.

[110]  F. Chapin,et al.  Competitive Ability and Adaptation to Fertile and Infertile Soils in Two Eriophorum Species , 1989 .

[111]  H. M. Clark,et al.  Solubilization of ferrihydrite iron by plant phenolics: A model for rhizosphere processes , 1989 .

[112]  T. Aide,et al.  The effects of rapid leaf expansion on the growth and survivorship of a lepidopteran herbivore , 1989 .

[113]  R. Dirzo,et al.  Leaf survival in relation to herbivory in two tropical pioneer species , 1989 .

[114]  M. Rausher,et al.  THE EVOLUTION OF RESISTANCE TO HERBIVORY IN IPOMOEA PURPUREA. II. NATURAL SELECTION BY INSECTS AND COSTS OF RESISTANCE , 1989, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[115]  M. Rausher,et al.  THE EVOLUTION OF RESISTANCE TO HERBIVORY IN IPOMOEA PURPUREA. I. ATTEMPTS TO DETECT SELECTION , 1989, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[116]  R. A. Stafford.  Allocation Responses of Abutilon theophrasti to Carbon and Nutrient Stress , 1989 .

[117]  H. J. Verkaar,et al.  Responses of Cynoglossum officinale L. and Senecio jacobaea L. to various degrees of defoliation. , 1989, The New phytologist.

[118]  D. Sprugel.  The Relationship of Evergreenness, Crown Architecture, and Leaf Size , 1989, American Naturalist.

[119]  L. Duchesne,et al.  Cellulose and the Evolution of Plant LifeThe physical and biological properties of cellulose have made it the most abundant molecule in the biosphere , 1989 .

[120]  M. Westoby.  Selective forces exerted by vertebrate herbivores on plants. , 1989, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[121]  F. Bazzaz,et al.  The Effects of Enriched Carbon Dioxide Atmospheres on Plant—Insect Herbivore Interactions , 1989, Science.

[122]  M. Kimura,et al.  TANNINS IN MANGROVE TREE ROOTS AND THEIR ROLE IN THE ROOT ENVIRONMENT , 1989 .

[123]  W. Bond.  The tortoise and the hare: ecology of angiosperm dominance and gymnosperm persistence , 1989 .

[124]  T. Vuorisalo,et al.  What are the units of selection in modular organisms , 1989 .

[125]  D. Pearson.  What is the adaptive significance of multicomponent defensive repertoires , 1989 .

[126]  G. English-loeb,et al.  Nonlinear responses of spider mites to drought‐stressed host plants , 1989 .

[127]  T. Fagerström.  Anti-Herbivory Chemical Defense in Plants: A Note on the Concept of Cost , 1989 .

[128]  R. Gara,et al.  The terpene complement of slow and fast growing Sitka spruce terminals as related to Pissodes strobi (Peck) (Col., Curculionidae) host selection 1 , 1989 .

[129]  F. Chapin,et al.  The Cost of Tundra Plant Structures: Evaluation of Concepts and Currencies , 1989, The American Naturalist.

[130]  R. Dickson,et al.  Carbon and nitrogen allocation in trees , 1989 .

[131]  M. Sabelis,et al.  Does it pay plants to advertise for bodyguards? Towards a cost-benefit analysis of induced synomone production , 1989 .

[132]  M. Taylor.  Compensation for Variable Dietary Nitrogen by Larvae of the Salvinia Moth , 1989 .

[133]  M. Julien,et al.  Vigorous plants suffer most from herbivores: latitude, nitrogen and biological control of the weed Salvinia molesta , 1989 .

[134]  D. Tilman,et al.  Growth of old field herbs on a nitrogen gradient , 1989 .

[135]  B. Ellis,et al.  Age and tissue distribution of alkaloids in Papaver somniferum , 1989 .

[136]  O. Gottlieb.  Review article number 47 , 1989 .

[137]  D. V. Banthorpe,et al.  Two unexpected coumarin derivatives from tissue cultures of compositae species , 1989 .

[138]  W. W. Weeks,et al.  Restricted index selection for total alkaloids and yield in tobacco , 1989 .

[139]  F. Berendse,et al.  Competition and nutrient losses from the plant , 1989 .

[140]  R. Krahmer,et al.  Microscopic Studies of Tannin Formation and Distribution in Plant Tissues , 1989 .

[141]  M. Crawley.  INSECT HERBIVORES AND PLANT POPULATION DYNAMICS , 1989 .

[142]  M. West-Eberhard.  Phenotypic Plasticity and the Origins of Diversity , 1989 .

[143]  S. Stearns.  Trade-offs in life-history evolution , 1989 .

[144]  K. Rao.  Fine Structural Details of Tannin Accumulations in Non-Dividing Cambial Cells , 1988 .

[145]  D. Clark,et al.  LEAF PRODUCTION AND THE COST OF REPRODUCTION IN THE NEOTROPICAL RAIN FOREST CYCAD, ZAMIA SKINNERI , 1988 .

[146]  P. Keddy,et al.  The relationship between relative growth rate and sensitivity to nutrient stress in twenty-eight species of emergent macrophytes , 1988 .

[147]  Timothy P. Craig,et al.  Impact of Shoot Galler Attack on Sexual Reproduction in the Arroyo Willow , 1988 .

[148]  S. Wratten,et al.  Insect herbivory in relation to dynamic changes in host plant quality , 1988 .

[149]  S. McNaughton,et al.  Large Mammals and Process Dynamics in African EcosystemsHerbivorous mammals affect primary productivity and regulate recycling balances , 1988 .

[150]  D. Pimentel.  Herbivore Population Feeding Pressure on Plant Hosts: Feedback Evolution and Host Conservation , 1988 .

[151]  T. Vuorisalo,et al.  Induced Accumulation of Foliage Phenols in Mountain Birch: Branch Response to Defoliation? , 1988, The American Naturalist.

[152]  T. Schoener.  Leaf damage in island buttonwood, Conocarpus erectus: correlations with pubescence, island area, isolation and the distribution of major carnivores , 1988 .

[153]  G. I. Åoren.  Ideal nutrient productivities and nutrient proportions in plant growth , 1988 .

[154]  B. Singh,et al.  Total phenolics, condensed tannins, and protein-precipitable phenolics in young and mature leaves of oak species , 1988 .

[155]  V. Das,et al.  Enhanced Rubber Accumulation and Rubber Transferase Activity in Guayule Under Water Stress , 1988 .

[156]  E. Bernays,et al.  On the Evolution of Host Specificity in Phytophagous Arthropods , 1988 .

[157]  P. Rubery,et al.  Naturally Occurring Auxin Transport Regulators , 1988, Science.

[158]  S. Idso,et al.  Atmospheric CO2 enrichment and plant dry matter content , 1988 .

[159]  O. T. Solbrig,et al.  Studies on the population biology of the genus Viola. VI. The demography of V. fimbriatula and V. lanceolata. , 1988 .

[160]  P. Price,et al.  Genetic Variation Among Plants and Insect Community Structure: Willows and Sawflies , 1988 .

[161]  J. Boyer.  Cell enlargement and growth-induced water potentials , 1988 .

[162]  Paul A. Keddy,et al.  A comparative approach to predicting competitive ability from plant traits , 1988, Nature.

[163]  M. Jay,et al.  Phenolic variation in the progeny of the cultivated sunflower , 1988 .

[164]  S. N. Stephenson,et al.  Gender dimorphism in growth and mass partitioning by box-elder (Acer negundo L.). , 1988 .

[165]  J. Lawton,et al.  Does Foliage Damage Influence Predation on the Insect Herbivores of Birch , 1988 .

[166]  T. R. E. Southwood,et al.  Tactics, strategies and templets* , 1988 .

[167]  D. Tilman.  Plant Strategies and the Dynamics and Structure of Plant Communities. (MPB-26), Volume 26 , 1988 .

[168]  E. Meijden,et al.  Defence and regrowth, alternative plant strategies in the struggle against herbivores , 1988 .

[169]  T. Elmqvist,et al.  Latitudinal sex ratio variation in willows, Salix spp., and gradients in vole herbivory , 1988 .

[170]  A. Fahn.  Secretory tissues in vascular plants. , 1988, The New phytologist.

[171]  D. Selmar,et al.  Mobilization and utilization of cyanogenic glycosides: the linustatin pathway. , 1988, Plant physiology.

[172]  J. Patrick.  Assimilate Partitioning in Relation to Crop Productivity , 1988, HortScience.

[173]  G. Carroll.  Fungal Endophytes in Stems and Leaves: From Latent Pathogen to Mutualistic Symbiont , 1988 .

[174]  Craig Loehle,et al.  Tree life history strategies: the role of defenses , 1988 .

[175]  K. Clay.  Fungal Endophytes of Grasses: A Defensive Mutualism between Plants and Fungi , 1988 .

[176]  D. E. Moreland,et al.  Interference by flavone and flavonols with chloroplast-mediated electron transport and phosphorylation , 1988 .

[177]  J. Bryant.  CHAPTER 12 – Environmental Constraint Of Constitutive and Long-Term Inducible Defenses in Woody Plants , 1988 .

[178]  P. L. Lorio.  Growth Differentiation-Balance Relationships in Pines Affect Their Resistance to Bark Beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) , 1988 .

[179]  T. Hirose.  Modelling the relative growth rate as a function of plant nitrogen concentration , 1988 .

[180]  May R. Berenbaum,et al.  CHAPTER 5 – Stalemates in the Coevolutionary Arms Race: Syntheses, Synergisms, and Sundry Other Sins , 1988 .

[181]  M. Gilliland,et al.  Gland Cells in Resin Canal Epithelia in Guayule (Parthenium argentatum) in Relation to Resin and Rubber Production , 1988 .

[182]  S. Wratten,et al.  Wound-induced changes in the acceptability of tree-foliage to Lepidoptera: within-leaf effects , 1988 .

[183]  F. Chapin,et al.  Defensive Responses of Trees in Relation to Their Carbon/Nutrient Balance , 1988 .

[184]  L C Ho,et al.  Metabolism and Compartmentation of Imported Sugars in Sink Organs in Relation to Sink Strength , 1988 .

[185]  W. Fenical,et al.  Marine Plant-Herbivore Interactions: The Ecology of Chemical Defense , 1988 .

[186]  D. Futuyma,et al.  The Evolution of Ecological Specialization , 1988 .

[187]  J. E. Dale,et al.  The Control of Leaf Expansion , 1988 .

[188]  J. Patrick,et al.  Mechanism of drought-induced alterations in assimilate partitioning and transport in crops , 1988 .

[189]  R. Hegnauer.  Biochemistry, distribution and taxonomic relevance of higher plant alkaloids. , 1988 .

[190]  D. Threlfall,et al.  Co-ordinated inhibition of squalene synthetase and induction of enzymes of sesquiterpenoid phytoalexin biosynthesis in cultures of Nicotiana tabacum , 1988 .

[191]  S. D. Hendrix.  Herbivory and its Impact on Plant Reporduction , 1988 .

[192]  T. A. Hanley,et al.  Influence of seral stage and season on leaf chemistry of southeastern Alaska deer forage , 1988 .

[193]  C. Foyer.  FEEDBACK INHIBITION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS THROUGH SOURCE-SINK REGULATION IN LEAVES , 1988 .

[194]  J. Gray.  Control of Isoprenoid Biosynthesis in Higher Plants , 1988 .

[195]  M. Wagner.  Induced Defenses in Ponderosa Pine Against Defoliating Insects , 1988 .

[196]  D. Herms,et al.  Defensive Strategies of Woody Plants Against Different Insect-Feeding Guilds in Relation to Plant Ecological Strategies and Intimacy of Association with Insects , 1988 .

[197]  E. Mcarthur,et al.  Seasonal changes of selected secondary plant products in Chrysothamnus nauseosus ssp. turbinatus , 1988 .

[198]  W. J. Mattson,et al.  Mechanisms of Woody Plant Defenses Against Insects , 1988, Springer New York.

[199]  H. Mooney,et al.  Estimation of tissue construction cost from heat of combustion and organic nitrogen content , 1987 .

[200]  R. Waring,et al.  Resistance of conifers to bark beetle attack: Searching for general relationships , 1987 .

[201]  A. Vogelmann,et al.  Cannabinoid Occurrence in Seedlings of Cannabis sativa L.: Quantitation in Seedlings of Known Age and Primary Leaf Length , 1987, Botanical Gazette.

[202]  S. Sheldon.  The Effects of Herbivorous Snails on Submerged Macrophyte Communities in Minnesota Lakes. , 1987, Ecology.

[203]  T. Elmqvist,et al.  Flowering, Shoot Production, and Vole Bark Herbivory in a Boreal Willow. , 1987, Ecology.

[204]  Heikki Henttonen,et al.  Phenolics/nitrogen ratios in the blueberry Vaccinium myrtillus in relation to temperature and microtine density in Finnish Lapland , 1987 .

[205]  S. C. Peterson,et al.  DEFENSIVE REGURGITATION OF ALLELOCHEMICALS DERIVED FROM HOST CYANOGENESIS BY EASTERN TENT CATERPILLARS , 1987 .

[206]  M. Rausher,et al.  Costs and Benefits of Plant Resistance to Herbivory , 1987, The American Naturalist.

[207]  J. P. Grime,et al.  MORPHOLOGICAL PLASTICITY AND MINERAL NUTRIENT CAPTURE IN TWO HERBACEOUS SPECIES OF CONTRASTED ECOLOGY. , 1987, The New phytologist.

[208]  J. Bryant.  Feltleaf Willow‐Snowshoe Hare Interactions: Plant Carbon/Nutrient Balance and Floodplain Succession , 1987 .

[209]  G. Ågren,et al.  Root: shoot ratio as a balance between nitrogen productivity and photosynthesis , 1987 .

[210]  Norman L. Christensen,et al.  Competition and Tree Death , 1987 .

[211]  T. Eisner,et al.  Vein-cutting behavior: insect counterploy to the latex defense of plants. , 1987, Science.

[212]  Thomas M. Smith,et al.  Plant Succession: Life History and Competition , 1987, The American Naturalist.

[213]  G. Mcintyre.  The role of water in the regulation of plant development , 1987 .

[214]  W. Whitford,et al.  Variation in Insect Densities on Desert Creosotebush: Is Nitrogen a Factor? , 1987 .

[215]  A. Zangerl,et al.  Floral Development and Chemical Defense Allocation in Wild Parsnip (Pastinaca Sativa) , 1987 .

[216]  F. Bazzaz,et al.  Reproductive Effort in Plants. 1. Carbon Allocation to Reproduction , 1987, The American Naturalist.

[217]  K. Clancy,et al.  Rapid Herbivore Growth Enhances Enemy Attack: Sublethal Plant Defenses Remain a Paradox , 1987 .

[218]  M. Berenbaum,et al.  Furanocoumarins in wild parsnip : effects of photosynthetically active radiation, ultraviolet light, and nutrients , 1987 .

[219]  F. Bazzaz,et al.  Reproductive Effort in Plants. 2. Does Carbon Reflect the Allocation of Other Resources? , 1987, The American Naturalist.

[220]  M. Ayres,et al.  Development of Birch Leaves and the Growth Energetics of Epirrita Autumnata (Geometridae) , 1987 .

[221]  Simon B. Larsson,et al.  On Optimal Defence in Plants , 1987 .

[222]  G. Mellerio,et al.  Variation in terpene composition of Artemisia alba in relation to environmental conditions , 1987 .

[223]  M. Paulissen.  Exploitation by, and the Effects of, Caterpillar Grazers on the Annual, Rudbeckia hirta (Compositae) , 1987 .

[224]  N. Owen‐Smith,et al.  PALATABILITY OF WOODY PLANTS TO BROWSING RUMINANTS IN A SOUTH AFRICAN SAVANNA , 1987 .

[225]  J. Bryant,et al.  The effect of bark phenols upon mountain hare barking of winter-dormant Scots pine , 1987 .

[226]  T. Whitham,et al.  Overcompensation in Response to Mammalian Herbivory: The Advantage of Being Eaten , 1987, The American Naturalist.

[227]  W. Mattson,et al.  The Role of Drought in Outbreaks of Plant-eating Insects , 1987 .

[228]  S. Compton.  Aganais speciosa and Danaus chrysippus (Lepidoptera) sabotage the latex defences of their host plants , 1987 .

[229]  N. Chiariello,et al.  Allocating Resources to Reproduction and DefenseNew assessments of the costs and benefits of allocation patterns in plants are relating ecological roles to resource use , 1987 .

[230]  A. D. Cunha.  The estimation of l-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase shows phenylpropanoid biosynthesis to be regulated by l-phenylalanine supply and availability , 1987 .

[231]  R. K. Szaniawski.  Plant, stress and homeostasis , 1987 .

[232]  Udo Eilert,et al.  CHAPTER 9 – Elicitation: Methodology and Aspects of Application , 1987 .

[233]  M. Sakuta,et al.  CHAPTER 5 – Cell Growth and Accumulation of Secondary Metabolites , 1987 .

[234]  Christopher B. Field,et al.  Plant Responses to Multiple Environmental FactorsPhysiological ecology provides tools for studying how interacting environmental resources control plant growth , 1987 .

[235]  H. Lambers.  Does variation in photosynthetic rate explain variation in growth rate and yield , 1987 .

[236]  H. Fock,et al.  The production of secondary metabolites by Digitalis lanata during CO2 enrichment and water stress , 1987 .

[237]  F. S. Nakayama,et al.  Plant Water Relations, Photosynthesis, and Rubber Content of Young Guayule Plants during Water Stress 1 , 1987 .

[238]  R. Monson,et al.  Carbon gain by plants in natural environments , 1987 .

[239]  P. Frischknecht,et al.  Effect of drought and wounding stress on indole alkaloid formation in Catharanthus roseus , 1987 .

[240]  H. Collin.  Determinants of Yield of Secondary Products in Plant Tissue Cultures , 1987 .

[241]  J. Schultz,et al.  Chapter 15 – The Role of Drought Stress in Provoking Outbreaks of Phytophagous Insects , 1987 .

[242]  C. Foyer.  THE BASIS FOR SOURCE-SINK INTERACTION IN LEAVES , 1987 .

[243]  P. L. Lorio,et al.  Evidence of competition for photosynthates between growth processes and oleoresin synthesis in Pinus taeda L. , 1986, Tree physiology.

[244]  D. Robinson.  Compensatory Changes in the Partitioning of Dry Matter in Relation to Nitrogen Uptake and Optimal Variations in Growth , 1986 .

[245]  J. Saunders,et al.  Effects of Simulated Tobacco Hornworm (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) Defoliation on Growth Dynamics and Physiology of Tobacco as Evidence of Plant Tolerance to Leaf Consumption1 , 1986 .

[246]  S. Stafford,et al.  Light and nutrient limitation in Pinus monticola: Seedling susceptibility to Armillaria infection , 1986 .

[247]  J. Coleman.  Leaf development and leaf stress: increased susceptibility associated with sink-source transition. , 1986, Tree physiology.

[248]  A. McDonald,et al.  Uptake of carbon and nitrogen at decreased nutrient availability in small birch (Betula pendula Roth.) plants. , 1986, Tree physiology.

[249]  M. Berenbaum,et al.  CONSTRAINTS ON CHEMICAL COEVOLUTION: WILD PARSNIPS AND THE PARSNIP WEBWORM , 1986, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[250]  MEASURING THE COST OF REPRODUCTION: A COMMENT ON PAPERS BY BELL , 1986, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[251]  V. Emerenciano,et al.  Phytoalexin induction in plants of tropical environment , 1986 .

[252]  P. Keddy,et al.  Species Competitive Ability and Position Along a Natural Stress/Disturbance Gradient , 1986 .

[253]  S. Larsson,et al.  Effects of light and nutrient stress on leaf phenolic chemistry in salix dasyclados and susceptibility to Galerucella lineola (Coleoptera) , 1986 .

[254]  B. Campbell.  Plant spinescence and herbivory in a nutrient poor ecosystem , 1986 .

[255]  L. Breebaart,et al.  THE RESPONSES OF CYNOGLOSSUM OFFICINALE L. AND VERBASCUM THAPSUS L. TO DEFOLIATION IN RELATION TO NITROGEN SUPPLY. , 1986, The New phytologist.

[256]  C. Schlichting,et al.  Phenotypic plasticity: an evolving plant character , 1986 .

[257]  J. W. Frost,et al.  A plant flavone, luteolin, induces expression of Rhizobium meliloti nodulation genes. , 1986, Science.

[258]  F. Hallé,et al.  Modular Growth in Seed Plants , 1986 .

[259]  R. C. Hardwick.  Physiological Consequences of Modular Growth in Plants , 1986 .

[260]  R. Dixon.  THE PHYTOALEXIN RESPONSE: ELICITATION, SIGNALLING AND CONTROL OF HOST GENE EXPRESSION , 1986 .

[261]  J. Bergelson,et al.  The effects of foliage damage on casebearing moth larvae, Coleophora serratella, feeding on birch , 1986 .

[262]  A. J. Noordwijk,et al.  Acquisition and Allocation of Resources: Their Influence on Variation in Life History Tactics , 1986, The American Naturalist.

[263]  B. A. Leonhardt,et al.  Methylcyclopentanoid Monoterpenes Mediate Interactions Among Insect Herbivores , 1986, Science.

[264]  P. Keddy,et al.  Measuring Diffuse Competition Along an Environmental Gradient: Results from a Shoreline Plant Community , 1986, The American Naturalist.

[265]  A. J. Belsky.  Does Herbivory Benefit Plants? A Review of the Evidence , 1986, The American Naturalist.

[266]  J. Doberski.  Simple phenolic compounds and the growth of plants: a short review , 1986 .

[267]  C. R. Parks,et al.  Environmental and genetic components of flavonoid variation in red oak, Quercus rubra , 1986 .

[268]  P. L. Lorio.  Growth-differentiation balance: A basis for understanding southern pine beetle-tree interactions , 1986 .

[269]  B. Mersey,et al.  Differential distribution of specific indole alkaloids in leaves of Catharanthus roseus , 1986 .

[270]  C. Welden,et al.  The Intensity of Competition Versus its Importance: An Overlooked Distinction and Some Implications , 1986, The Quarterly Review of Biology.

[271]  F. Chapin,et al.  ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS OVER CARBON, NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS FRACTIONS IN ERIOPHORUM VAGINATUM IN ALASKAN TUSSOCK TUNDRA , 1986 .

[272]  G. Hendrỳ.  WHY DO PLANTS HAVE CYTOCHROME P‐450? DETOXIFICATION VERSUS DEFENCE , 1986 .

[273]  F. Stuart Chapin,et al.  The Nature of Nutrient Limitation in Plant Communities , 1986, The American Naturalist.

[274]  A. Pizzi,et al.  The Interaction of Polyflavonoid Tannins with Wood Cell-Walls , 1986 .

[275]  P. Frischknecht,et al.  Purine alkaloid formation in buds and developing leaflets of Coffea arabica: Expression of an optimal defence strategy? , 1986 .

[276]  J. P. Grime,et al.  The ecological significance of plasticity. , 1986, Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology.

[277]  C. Asher,et al.  Effects of Water Stress on Nitrogen Nutrition of Grain Sorghum , 1986 .

[278]  Carl D. Schlichting,et al.  The Evolution of Phenotypic Plasticity in Plants , 1986 .

[279]  J. Ebel.  PHYTOALEXIN SYNTHESIS: THE BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE INDUCTION PROCESS , 1986 .

[280]  E. Haslam.  Secondary metabolism – fact and fiction , 1986 .

[281]  Norma L. Fowler,et al.  The Role of Competition in Plant Communities in Arid and Semiarid Regions , 1986 .

[282]  Strategies of resource capture by plants—Evidence for adversity selection , 1986 .

[283]  R. Jensen.  The shikimate/arogenate pathway: link between carbohydrate metabolism and secondary metabolism , 1986 .

[284]  A. J. Belsky.  Does herbivory benefit plants , 1986 .

[285]  A. Beattie,et al.  The Evolutionary Ecology of Ant-Plant Mutualisms. , 1986 .

[286]  F. Stuart Chapin,et al.  Resource Availability and Plant Antiherbivore Defense , 1985, Science.

[287]  L. Witte,et al.  Quinolizidine Alkaloids as Nitrogen Source for Lupin Seedlings and Cell Cultures , 1985 .

[288]  F. Chapin,et al.  Effects of Phosphorus Nutrition and Defoliation on C4 Graminoids from the Serengeti Plains , 1985 .

[289]  S. Koptur.  Alternative Defenses against Herbivores in Inga (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) over an Elevational Gradient , 1985 .

[290]  M. Rausher,et al.  Joint Effects of Competitors and Herbivores on Growth and Reproduction in Aristolochia reticulata , 1985 .

[291]  D. Tallamy.  Squash Beetle Feeding Behavior: An Adaptation against Induced Cucurbit Defenses , 1985 .

[292]  B. Strain.  Physiological and ecological controls on carbon sequestering in terrestrial ecosystems , 1985 .

[293]  David A. Jones,et al.  An investigation of the responses of herbivores to cyanogenesis in Lotus corniculatus L. , 1985 .

[294]  E. Haukioja,et al.  INDUCED LONG-TERM RESISTANCE OF BIRCH FOLIAGE AGAINST DEFOLIATORS: DEFENSIVE OR INCIDENTAL? , 1985 .

[295]  L. Jerling.  Are Plants and Animals Alike? A Note on Evolutionary Plant Population Ecology , 1985 .

[296]  J. Lawton,et al.  Rapidly Induced Defenses and Talking Trees: The Devil's Advocate Position , 1985, The American Naturalist.

[297]  M. Antolin,et al.  The Population Genetics of Somatic Mutation in Plants , 1985, The American Naturalist.

[298]  Richard H. Waring,et al.  Modifying Lodgepole Pine Stands to Change Susceptibility to Mountain Pine Beetle Attack , 1985 .

[299]  D. Tilman.  The Resource-Ratio Hypothesis of Plant Succession , 1985, The American Naturalist.

[300]  Göran I. Ågren,et al.  Theory for growth of plants derived from the nitrogen productivity concept , 1985 .

[301]  R. Lande,et al.  GENOTYPE‐ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION AND THE EVOLUTION OF PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY , 1985, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[302]  D. Reznick.  Costs of reproduction: an evaluation of the empirical evidence , 1985 .

[303]  G. Ågren.  Limits to plant production , 1985 .

[304]  T. Elmqvist,et al.  Sexuality in willows and preference by bark-eating voles: defence or not? , 1985 .

[305]  S. F. Maclean,et al.  Food plant selection by insect herbivores in Alaskan arctic tundra: the role of plant life form , 1985 .

[306]  M. Crawley.  Reduction of oak fecundity by low-density herbivore populations , 1985, Nature.

[307]  David F. Rhoades,et al.  Offensive-Defensive Interactions between Herbivores and Plants: Their Relevance in Herbivore Population Dynamics and Ecological Theory , 1985, The American Naturalist.

[308]  Thomas P. Clausen,et al.  Adaptation to Resource Availability as a Determinant of Chemical Defense Strategies in Woody Plants , 1985 .

[309]  F. Slansky.  3 – Food Consumption and Utilization , 1985 .

[310]  I. Kubo,et al.  Multifaceted Chemically Based Resistance in Plants , 1985 .

[311]  H. Mooney,et al.  Resource Limitation in Plants-An Economic Analogy , 1985 .

[312]  M. Berenbaum.  Brementown revisited: interaction among allelochemicals in plants , 1985 .

[313]  J. Saunders,et al.  Plant Allelochemicals: Linkages between Herbivores and Their Natural Enemies , 1985 .

[314]  S. McNaughton,et al.  Grazing Lawns: Animals in Herds, Plant Form, and Coevolution , 1984, The American Naturalist.

[315]  R. Marquis.  Leaf Herbivores Decrease Fitness of a Tropical Plant , 1984, Science.

[316]  B. Casper,et al.  MORPHOGENETIC CONSTRAINTS ON PATTERNS OF CARBON DISTRIBUTION IN PLANTS , 1984 .

[317]  Tibor Jermy,et al.  Evolution of Insect/Host Plant Relationships , 1984, The American Naturalist.

[318]  R. Waring,et al.  Effects of Nutrient and Light Limitation on Mountain Hemlock: Susceptibility to Laminated Root Rot , 1984 .

[319]  S. Louda.  Herbivore Effect on Stature, Fruiting, and Leaf Dynamics of a Native Crucifer , 1984 .

[320]  R M Gifford,et al.  Crop Productivity and Photoassimilate Partitioning , 1984, Science.

[321]  B. Timmermann,et al.  Phytochemical Adaptations to Stress , 1984, Recent Advances in Phytochemistry.

[322]  A. J. Pollard,et al.  GENECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF URTICA DIOICA L. , 1984 .

[323]  D. McKey.  Interaction of the ant-plant Leonardoxa africana (Caesalpiniaceae) with its obligate inhabitants in a rainforest in Cameroon , 1984 .

[324]  K. Percy,et al.  Changes in needle morphology, anatomy, and mineral content during the recovery of protected balsam fir trees initially defoliated by the spruce budworm , 1984 .

[325]  A. Berryman,et al.  ABUNDANCE OF THE FIR ENGRAVER, SCOLYTUS VENTRALIS, AND THE DOUGLAS-FIR BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS PSEUDOTSUGAE, FOLLOWING TREE DEFOLIATION BY THE DOUGLAS-FIR TUSSOCK MOTH, ORGYIA PSEUDOTSUGATA , 1984, The Canadian Entomologist.

[326]  L. Bogorad,et al.  Cell culture and somatic cell genetics of plants , 1984 .

[327]  T. Cheng.  Evolution of Receptors , 1984 .

[328]  E. C. Bate-smith.  Age and distribution of galloyl esters, iridoids and certain other repellents in plants , 1984 .

[329]  J. Gershenzon.  Changes in the Levels of Plant Secondary Metabolites Under Water and Nutrient Stress , 1984 .

[330]  Mark Westoby,et al.  The Self-Thinning Rule , 1984 .

[331]  G. Towers,et al.  Stress and Secondary Metabolism in Cultured Plant Cells , 1984 .

[332]  P. Greenslade,et al.  Adversity Selection and the Habitat Templet , 1983, The American Naturalist.

[333]  K. Lindsey,et al.  The Relationship between Growth Rate, Differentiation and Alkaloid Accumulation in Cell Cultures , 1983 .

[334]  Stephan D. Flint,et al.  Internal filters: Prospects for UV‐acclimation in higher plants , 1983 .

[335]  D. McKey,et al.  Disarming the "Evil Woman": Petiole Constriction by a Sphingid Larva Circumvents Mechanical Defenses of Its Host Plant, Cnidoscolus urens (Euphorbiaceae) , 1983 .

[336]  F. Stuart Chapin,et al.  Carbon/nutrient balance of boreal plants in relation to vertebrate herbivory , 1983 .

[337]  S. McNaughton.  Compensatory plant growth as a response to herbivory , 1983 .

[338]  Kurt B.G. Torssell,et al.  Natural Product Chemistry , 1983 .

[339]  L W Buss,et al.  Evolution, development, and the units of selection. , 1983, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[340]  P. Coley,et al.  HERBIVORY AND DEFENSIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF TREE SPECIES IN A LOWLAND TROPICAL FOREST , 1983 .

[341]  E. Haukioja,et al.  Alternative Concepts of Reproductive Effort, Costs of Reproduction, and Selection in Life-History Evolution , 1983 .

[342]  S. Smith‐Gill.  Developmental Plasticity: Developmental Conversion versus Phenotypic Modulation , 1983 .

[343]  H. Caswell.  Phenotypic Plasticity in Life-History Traits: Demographic Effects and Evolutionary Consequences , 1983 .

[344]  H. Mooney,et al.  Physiological Constraints on Plant Chemical Defenses , 1983 .

[345]  J. Schultz.  Impact of Variable Plant Defensive Chemistry on Susceptibility of Insects to Natural Enemies , 1983 .

[346]  M. Berenbaum.  COUMARINS AND CATERPILLARS: A CASE FOR COEVOLUTION , 1983, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[347]  K. Torssell.  Natural product chemistry : a mechanistic and biosynthetic approach to secondary metabolism , 1983 .

[348]  R. Denno,et al.  CHAPTER 14 – Individual, Population, and Geographic Patterns in Plant Defense , 1983 .

[349]  J. Schultz.  CHAPTER 3 – Habitat Selection and Foraging Tactics of Caterpillars in Heterogeneous Trees , 1983 .

[350]  R. Denno,et al.  CHAPTER 4 – Leaf Age as a Predictor of Herbivore Distribution and Abundance , 1983 .

[351]  C. Smith,et al.  Detoxification of plant toxins by insects , 1983 .

[352]  D. J. Chamberlain,et al.  Phenols as nutrients for a phytophagous insect Anacridium melanorhodon , 1983 .

[353]  J. Juvik,et al.  Inheritance of Foliar α-Tomatine Content in Tomatoes1 , 1982, Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science.

[354]  David J. Hicks,et al.  The Ecology of Leaf Life Spans , 1982 .

[355]  J. Schultz,et al.  Oak Leaf Quality Declines in Response to Defoliation by Gypsy Moth Larvae , 1982, Science.

[356]  E. Bernays,et al.  Plant Phenols Utilized as Nutrients by a Phytophagous Insect , 1982, Science.

[357]  Peter M. Vitousek,et al.  Nutrient Cycling and Nutrient Use Efficiency , 1982, The American Naturalist.

[358]  J. Juvik,et al.  Inheritance of foliar alpha -tomatine content in tomatoes , 1982 .

[359]  L. Pitelka,et al.  Translocation of Photoassimilates Between Sister Ramets in Two Rhizomatous Forest Herbs , 1982 .

[360]  Rodolfo Dirzo,et al.  EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON SLUG-PLANT INTERACTIONS IV. THE PERFORMANCE OF CYANOGENIC AND ACYANOGENIC MORPHS OF TRIFOLIUM REPENS IN THE FIELD , 1982 .

[361]  H. Mooney,et al.  Constraints on Leaf Structure and Function in Reference to Herbivory , 1982 .

[362]  D. Briske,et al.  Water Stress Increases Alkaloid Concentrations in Threadleaf Groundsel (Senecio longilobus) , 1982, Weed Science.

[363]  T. Hsiao,et al.  Physiological Responses to Moderate Water Stress , 1982 .

[364]  L. Shain.  Pinocembrin: An antifungal compound secreted by leaf glands of eastern cottonwood. , 1982 .

[365]  J. H. Langenheim,et al.  Variation in terpenes and phenolics through leaf development in Hymenaea and its possible significance to herbivory , 1981 .

[366]  V. Gutschick.  Evolved Strategies in Nitrogen Acquisition by Plants , 1981, The American Naturalist.

[367]  O. T. Solbrig,et al.  STUDIES ON THE POPULATION BIOLOGY OF THE GENUS VIOLA. II. THE EFFECT OF PLANT SIZE ON FITNESS IN VIOLA SORORIA , 1981, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[368]  R. Loomis,et al.  Elemental Composition of Biomass and its Relation to Energy Content, Growth Efficiency, and Growth Yield , 1981 .

[369]  D. Firmage.  Environmental influences on the monoterpene variation in Hedeoma drummondii , 1981 .

[370]  Relationship of light intensity to leaf resin composition and yield in the tropical leguminous genera Hymenaea and Copaifera , 1981 .

[371]  L. T. Evans,et al.  PHOTOSYNTHESIS, CARBON PARTITIONING, AND YIELD , 1981 .

[372]  M. Berenbaum,et al.  Toxicity of angular furanocoumarins to swallowtail butterflies: escalation in a coevolutionary arms race? , 1981, Science.

[373]  S. Risch,et al.  Mutualism in which ants must be present before plants produce food bodies , 1981, Nature.

[374]  A. Stewart,et al.  The Measurement and Meaning of Reproductive Effort in Plants , 1981, The American Naturalist.

[375]  P. Wareing,et al.  Growth and differentiation in plants , 1981 .

[376]  R. Wiermann.  4 – Secondary Plant Products and Cell and Tissue Differentiation , 1981 .

[377]  S. Larsson,et al.  Effects of early and late season defoliation on growth and carbohydrate dynamics in Scots pine. , 1980 .

[378]  H. Piene.  Effects of insect defoliation on growth and foliar nutrients of young balsam fir. , 1980 .

[379]  D. McKey,et al.  A comparative study of the phytochemistry of two African Rain Forests , 1980 .

[380]  F. Chapin.  Nutrient Allocation and Responses to Defoliation in Tundra Plants , 1980 .

[381]  J. Bryant,et al.  Selection of Winter Forage by Subarctic Browsing Vertebrates: The Role of Plant Chemistry , 1980 .

[382]  W. J. Mattson,et al.  Herbivory in relation to plant nitrogen content , 1980 .

[383]  Bruce A. McPheron,et al.  Interactions Among Three Trophic Levels: Influence of Plants on Interactions Between Insect Herbivores and Natural Enemies , 1980 .

[384]  E. Haukioja,et al.  On the Role of Plant Defences in the Fluctuation of Herbivore Populations , 1980 .

[385]  S. Stearns.  A new view of life-history evolution , 1980 .

[386]  W. Hamilton,et al.  Low Nutritive Quality as Defense Against Herbivores , 1980 .

[387]  R. K. McConathy,et al.  Seasonal changes in energy allocation by white oak (Quercusalba) , 1980 .

[388]  Hsu-Ho Chung,et al.  Photosynthate allocation in Pinustaeda. II. Seasonal aspects of photosynthate allocation to different biochemical fractions in shoots , 1980 .

[389]  Hsu-Ho Chung,et al.  Photosynthate allocation in Pinustaeda. III. Photosynthate economy: its production, consumption and balance in shoots during the growing season , 1980 .

[390]  M. Rausher,et al.  Herbivory, Plant Density, and Plant Reproductive Success: The Effect of Battus Philenor on Aristolochia Reticulata , 1980 .

[391]  C. Carroll,et al.  Chemical Feeding Deterrent Mobilized in Response to Insect Herbivory and Counteradaptation by Epilachna tredecimnotata , 1980, Science.

[392]  F. S. Chapin,et al.  The Mineral Nutrition of Wild Plants , 1980 .

[393]  P. Coley,et al.  Effects of leaf age and plant life history patterns on herbivory , 1980, Nature.

[394]  J. L. Doust.  Experimental manipulation of patterns of resource allocation in the growth cycle and reproduction of Smyrnium olusatrum L. , 1980 .

[395]  J. B. Lowry,et al.  Young-leaf anthocyanin and solar ultraviolet. , 1980 .

[396]  A. Stephenson.  Fruit Set, Herbivory, Fruit Reduction, and the Fruiting Strategy of Catalpa Speciosa (Bignoniaceae) , 1980 .

[397]  V. G. Dethier.  Evolution of Receptor Sensitivity to Secondary Plant Substances with Special Reference to Deterrents , 1980, The American Naturalist.

[398]  M. Luckner.  Expansion and control of secondary metabolism. , 1980 .

[399]  R. Menary,et al.  The effect of irrigation and nitrogen on the yield and composition of peppermint oil (Mentha piperita L.) , 1980 .

[400]  E. Bell,et al.  Secondary plant products , 1980 .

[401]  J. P. Grime,et al.  Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes. , 1980 .

[402]  J. H. Langenheim,et al.  Variation of Satureja douglasii monoterpenoids in relation to light intensity and herbivory , 1979 .

[403]  F. Bazzaz.  The Physiological Ecology of Plant Succession , 1979 .

[404]  R. K. McConathy,et al.  Temporal and spatial patterns of carbon allocation in the canopy of white oak , 1979 .

[405]  James White,et al.  THE PLANT AS A METAPOPULATION , 1979 .

[406]  J. Harper,et al.  Contribution to reproductive effort by photosynthesis of flowers and fruits , 1979, Nature.

[407]  R. Werner.  INFLUENCE OF HOST FOLIAGE ON DEVELOPMENT, SURVIVAL, FECUNDITY, AND OVIPOSITION OF THE SPEAR-MARKED BLACK MOTH, RHEUMAPTERA HASTATA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) , 1979, The Canadian Entomologist.

[408]  J. Whittaker,et al.  EFFECTS OF GRAZING BY A CHRYSOMELID BEETLE, GASTROPHYSA VIRIDULA, ON COMPETITION BETWEEN RUMEX OBTUSIFOLIUS AND RUMEX CRISPUS , 1979 .

[409]  W. E. Wallner,et al.  Host Defoliation: a Possible Determinant of Gypsy Moth Population Quality , 1979 .

[410]  A. Mccomb,et al.  Plant resins—their formation, secretion and possible functions , 1979 .

[411]  R. K. McConathy,et al.  Seasonal changes in within-canopy allocation of /sup 14/C-photosynthate by white oak , 1979 .

[412]  J. W. McClure.  The Physiology of Phenolic Compounds in Plants , 1979 .

[413]  R. Hunt.  Plant growth analysis , 1980 .

[414]  Masaru Kato.  PHENOLS AS INDISPENSIBLE COMPONENTS OF THE SYNTHETIC DIET OF THE SILKWORM, BOMBYX MORI , 1978 .

[415]  C. Hoveland,et al.  Alkaloid Levels in Phalaris aquatica L. as Affected by Environment1 , 1978 .

[416]  Peter G. Waterman,et al.  Phenolic Content of Vegetation in Two African Rain Forests: Ecological Implications , 1978, Science.

[417]  V. Lamarche,et al.  Tree Ring Evidence for Chronic Insect Suppression of Productivity in Subalpine Eucalyptus , 1978, Science.

[418]  M. Berenbaum.  Toxicity of a Furanocoumarin to Armyworms: A Case of Biosynthetic Escape from Insect Herbivores , 1978, Science.

[419]  D. Tilman.  Cherries, Ants and Tent Caterpillars: Timing of Nectar Production in Relation in Relation to Susceptibility of Catepillars to Ant Predation , 1978 .

[420]  D. Tilman.  CHERRIES, ANTS AND TENT CATERPILLARS: TIMING OF NECTAR PRODUCTION IN RELATION TO SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CATERPILLARS TO ANT PREDATION1 , 1978 .

[421]  J. H. Langenheim,et al.  Effect of light and temperature on monoterpenoid yield and composition in Satureja douglasii , 1978 .

[422]  P. Wargo.  Armillariella mellea and Agrilus bilineatus and Mortality of Defoliated Oak Trees , 1977 .

[423]  J. P. Grime,et al.  Evidence for the Existence of Three Primary Strategies in Plants and Its Relevance to Ecological and Evolutionary Theory , 1977, The American Naturalist.

[424]  J. Andel,et al.  Reproductive Allocation in Senecio Sylvaticus and Chamaenerion Angustifolium in Relation to Mineral Nutrition , 1977 .

[425]  R. Phillips,et al.  The Regulation of Synthesis of Phenolics in Stationary Phase Cell Cultures of Acer pseudoplatanus L. , 1977 .

[426]  David A. Jones,et al.  On the polymorphism of Cyanogenesis in Lotus corniculatus L. , 1977, Heredity.

[427]  T. R. E. Southwood,et al.  HABITAT, THE TEMPLET FOR ECOLOGICAL STRATEGIES? , 1977 .

[428]  T. Swain.  SECONDARY COMPOUNDS AS PROTECTIVE AGENTS , 1977 .

[429]  Hsu-Ho Chung,et al.  Photosynthate allocation in Pinustaeda. I. Substrate requirements for synthesis of shoot biomass , 1977 .

[430]  P. Feeny,et al.  Stabilization of the Rate of Nitrogen Accumulation by Larvae of the Cabbage Butterfly on Wild and Cultivated Food Plants , 1977 .

[431]  David A. Jones,et al.  On the polymorphism of cyanogenesis in Lotus corniculatus L. , 1976, Heredity.

[432]  Simone Campanoni.  Competition , 1866, Nature.

[433]  U. Margna.  Control at the level of substrate supply—an alternative in the regulation of phenylpropanoid accumulation in plant cells , 1977 .

[434]  D. F. Rhoades.  Integrated antiherbivore, antidesiccant and ultraviolet screening properties of creosotebush resin , 1977 .

[435]  L. Nover,et al.  Expression of secondary metabolism. An aspect of cell specialization of microorganisms, higher plants, and animals. , 1977, Molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics.

[436]  I. R. Cowan,et al.  INTEGRATION OF ACTIVITY IN THE HIGHER PLANT , 1977 .

[437]  D. Seigler.  Primary roles for secondary compounds , 1977 .

[438]  M. A. Jalal,et al.  Polyphenols of mature plant, seedling and tissue cultures of Theobroma cacao , 1977 .

[439]  N. Turner,et al.  STOMATAL DEVELOPMENT AND SEASONAL CHANGES IN DIFFUSIVE RESISTANCE OF PRIMARY AND REGROWTH FOLIAGE OF RED OAK (QUERCUS RUBRA L.) AND RED MAPLE (ACER RUBRUM L.) , 1977 .

[440]  H. Böhm.  Secondary metabolism in cell cultures of higher plants and problems of differentiation. , 1977, Molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics.

[441]  J. R. Potter,et al.  Leaf area partitioning as an important factor in growth. , 1977, Plant physiology.

[442]  D. Levin.  The Chemical Defenses of Plants to Pathogens and Herbivores , 1976 .

[443]  J. P. Grime,et al.  AN ANALYSIS OF COMPETITIVE ABILITY IN THREE PERENNIAL GRASSES , 1976 .

[444]  D. Levin.  Alkaloid-Bearing Plants: An Ecogeographic Perspective , 1976, The American Naturalist.

[445]  D. Seigler,et al.  Secondary Compounds in Plants: Primary Functions , 1976, The American Naturalist.

[446]  R. Cates,et al.  TOWARD A GENERAL THEORY OF PLANT. ANTIHERBIVORE CHEMISTRY , 1976 .

[447]  P. Feeny,et al.  Plant apparency and chemical defense , 1976 .

[448]  D. A. Jones,et al.  On the polymorphism of cyanogenesis in Lotus corniculatus L. , 1976, Heredity.

[449]  B. G. Brehm,et al.  Flavonoid Localization in Epidermal Papillae of Flower Petals: A Specialized Adaptation for Ultraviolet Absorption , 1975, Science.

[450]  W. Mattson,et al.  Phytophagous Insects as Regulators of Forest Primary Production , 1975, Science.

[451]  T. Sinclair,et al.  Photosynthate and Nitrogen Requirements for Seed Production by Various Crops , 1975, Science.

[452]  K. Mather,et al.  Genotype X environment interactions. II. Some genetical considerations. , 1975, Heredity.

[453]  Roderick Hunt,et al.  Relative growth-rate: its range and adaptive significance in a local flora. , 1975 .

[454]  L. Brower,et al.  Localization of Heart Poisons in the Monarch Butterfly , 1975, Science.

[455]  J. Downhower.  The Distribution of Ants on Cecropia Leaves , 1975 .

[456]  G. Orians,et al.  Sucessional Status and the Palatability of Plants to Generalized Herbivores , 1975 .

[457]  R. Cates.  THE INTERFACE BETWEEN SLUGS AND WILD GINGER: SOME EVOLUTIONARY ASPECTS' , 1975 .

[458]  M. A. Lauffer.  The Role of Water , 1975 .

[459]  J. Harper,et al.  The Demography of Plants , 1974 .

[460]  D. Janzen,et al.  Why are Embryos so Tasty? , 1974, The American Naturalist.

[461]  J. D. Curtis,et al.  MORPHOLOGY, SEASONAL VARIATION, AND FUNCTION OF RESIN GLANDS ON BUDS AND LEAVES OF POPULUS DELTOIDES (SALICACEAE)' , 1974 .

[462]  D. Janzen.  Tropical blackwater rivers, animals, and mast fruiting by the Dipterocarpaceae , 1974 .

[463]  P. Hughes.  Myrcene: a precursor of pheromones in Ips beetles. , 1974, Journal of insect physiology.

[464]  T. Eisner,et al.  Defensive Use by an Insect of a Plant Resin , 1974, Science.

[465]  D. McKey.  Adaptive Patterns in Alkaloid Physiology , 1974, The American Naturalist.

[466]  T. Robinson.  Metabolism and function of alkaloids in plants. , 1974, Science.

[467]  Irwin Oppenheim,et al.  Nonlinear response I: General considerations , 1974 .

[468]  L. Rockwood.  The Effect of Defoliation on Seed Production of Six Costa Rican Tree Species , 1973, Ecology.

[469]  T. Hsiao.  Plant Responses to Water Stress , 1973 .

[470]  D. Levin.  The Role of Trichomes in Plant Defense , 1973, The Quarterly Review of Biology.

[471]  D. Janzen,et al.  Chemical defence in Central American non-ant-Acacias , 1973 .

[472]  Harold A. Mooney,et al.  The Carbon Balance of Plants , 1972 .

[473]  R. Croteau,et al.  Apparent energy deficiency in mono- and sesqui-terpene biosynthesis in peppermint , 1972 .

[474]  D. Janzen.  Protection of Barteria (Passifloraceae) By Pachysima Ants (Pseudomyrmecinae) in a Nigerian Rain Forest , 1972 .

[475]  J. P. Grime,et al.  The response of cyanogenic and acyanogenic phenotypes of Trifolium repens to soil moisture supply , 1972, Heredity.

[476]  T. Southwood.  insect/plant relationship--an evolutionary perspective , 1972 .

[477]  D. Janzen.  Seed Predation by Animals , 1971 .

[478]  R. Whittaker,et al.  Allelochemics: chemical interactions between species. , 1971, Science.

[479]  D. A. Jones.  On the polymorphism of cyanogenesis in Lotus corniculatus L. III. Some aspects of selection , 1970, Heredity.

[480]  H. Mooney,et al.  CONVERGENT EVOLUTION OF MEDITERRANEAN‐CLIMATE EVERGREEN SCLEROPHYLL SHRUBS , 1970, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[481]  P. Wareing,et al.  Rate-limiting Processes in Photosynthesis at Saturating Light Intensities , 1968, Nature.

[482]  D. Janzen.  COEVOLUTION OF MUTUALISM BETWEEN ANTS AND ACACIAS IN CENTRAL AMERICA , 1966, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[483]  J. W. Hanover.  Environmental variation in the monoterpenes of Pinus monticola dougl. , 1966 .

[484]  T. Kozlowski,et al.  SHOOT GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF HETEROPHYLLOUS WOODY PLANTS , 1966 .

[485]  M. Cody,et al.  A GENERAL THEORY OF CLUTCH SIZE , 1966, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[486]  J. W. Hanover.  Genetics of terpenes I. Gene control of monoterpene levels in Pinus monticola dougl. , 1966, Heredity.

[487]  G. Sagar,et al.  The Influence of Defoliation on the Distribution of Assimilates in Lolium multiflorum Lam. , 1965 .

[488]  R. E. Dickson,et al.  Effects of Varying Soil Moisture Upon the Nutrient Uptake of Four Bottomland Tree Species 1 , 1965 .

[489]  T. Kozlowski,et al.  Heterophyllous Shoots in Betula papyrifera , 1965, Nature.

[490]  A. D. Bradshaw,et al.  Evolutionary Significance of Phenotypic Plasticity in Plants , 1965 .

[491]  P. Raven,et al.  BUTTERFLIES AND PLANTS: A STUDY IN COEVOLUTION , 1964 .

[492]  A. Loveless.  Further Evidence to Support a Nutritional Interpretation of Sclerophylly , 1962 .

[493]  R. Barnard.  Cell Growth. , 1962, Science.

[494]  G. Fraenkel.  The raison d'ĕtre of secondary plant substances; these odd chemicals arose as a means of protecting plants from insects and now guide insects to food. , 1959, Science.

[495]  David Nachmansohn,et al.  Metabolism and function , 1950 .

[496]  A. Pemberton.  Does it Pay? , 1922, Journal of the National Medical Association.

[497]  I. Siegień.  Cyanogenesis in Plants , 1908, Botanical Gazette.

[498]  W. L..  Resource manipulations in natural vegetation : a review , 2022 .