Detection and Analysis of Aging and Degradation of Polyolefins: A Review of Methodologies

Abstract Although the aging and degradation of polymers is an old subject, interest and research on this subject remains at a high level. Polyolefins have been the focus in many such studies, primarily because this class of polymers is of high commercial importance with an application range that is still expanding. Another reason is that the relatively simple molecular structure of the polyolefins has always appealed to the polymer science community, offering hope that these polymers will behave in a more readily understandable fashion than more complex structures.

[1]  N. Emanuel.  Structure related kinetic aspects of ageing and stabilization of polymers. Review , 1978 .

[2]  R. Gritter,et al.  Thermal decomposition and volatilization of poly(α‐olefins) , 1977 .

[3]  Jacqueline I. Kroschwitz,et al.  Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology , 1970 .

[4]  J. H. Adams.  Analysis of the nonvolatile oxidation products of polypropylene I. Thermal oxidation , 1970 .

[5]  R. Mair,et al.  Determination of Organic Peroxides by Iodine Liberation Procedures. , 1964 .

[6]  C. A. Russell,et al.  The early stages of isotactic polypropylene oxidation , 1963 .

[7]  Leo Reich,et al.  Elements of polymer degradation , 1971 .

[8]  W. Busfield,et al.  Low temperature annealing of isotactic polypropylene by differential scanning calorimetry , 1980 .

[9]  The Course of Thermooxidative Degradation of LD- and HD- Polyethylene under Accelerated Testing Conditions , 1979 .

[10]  J. R. Lyerla.  High Resolution Carbon-13 NMR Studies of Bulk Polymers , 1979 .

[11]  A. Kovacs,et al.  Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics of Polyethylene. III. Influence of the Sample Preparation , 1961 .

[12]  H. Quackenbos.  Thermal and oxidative effects in polyethylenes above 200°C , 1966 .

[13]  E. Montroll,et al.  Theory of Depolymerization of Long Chain Molecules , 1940 .

[14]  A. Tobolsky,et al.  On the Mechanism of Autoxidation of Three Vinyl Polymers: Polypropylene, Ethylene-Propylene Rubber, and Poly(ethyl acrylate) , 1964 .

[15]  R. B. Richards,et al.  619. The thermal degradation of ethylene polymers , 1949 .

[16]  M. Dole,et al.  Irradiation of Polyethylene. IV. Oxidation Effects , 1959 .

[17]  B. Rånby,et al.  ESR Spectroscopy in Polymer Research , 1977 .

[18]  E. Hegazy,et al.  Radiation‐induced oxidative degradation of isotactic polypropylene , 1981 .

[19]  K. Illers.  Innere Rotationen in Festkörpern aus hoch- und niedrigmolekularen organischen Molekülen , 1964 .

[20]  M. Kamal,et al.  Cause and effect in the weathering of plastics , 1970 .

[21]  J. Luongo.  Infrared study of oxygenated groups formed in polyethylene during oxidation , 1960 .

[22]  E. J. Greenhow,et al.  A new integral method for the kinetic analysis of thermogravimetric data , 1974 .

[23]  S. Straus,et al.  Pyrolysis of polyolefins , 1960 .

[24]  R. Eby.  Durability of Macromolecular Materials , 1979 .

[25]  K. W. Doak,et al.  Crystalline olefin polymers , 1964 .

[26]  G. P. Shulman,et al.  Thermal Degradation of Polymers. III: Mass Spectrometric Thermal Analysis of Condensation Polymers , 1967 .

[27]  N. M. Ėmanuėlʹ,et al.  Chemiluminescence techniques in chemical reactions , 1968 .

[28]  B. Dickens,et al.  Steady-state parameter-jump methods and relaxation methods in thermogravimetry☆ , 1976 .

[29]  M. Heskins,et al.  Photochemistry of Ketone Polymers. III. Energy Transfer in Ethylene-Carbon Monoxide Polymers , 1970 .

[30]  A. Charlesby.  Atomic Radiation and Polymers , 1960 .

[31]  R. Eliasen,et al.  Mechanism of ultraviolet degradation and stabilization in plastics , 1970 .

[32]  Koichiro Kato.  Formation of 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazone on surface zone of polystyrene film irradiated by ultraviolet light. I. Effects on formation of 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazone , 1971 .

[33]  R. L. Arnett,et al.  Kinetics of the thermal degradation of linear polyethylene , 1966 .

[34]  T. Manley,et al.  The effects of varying peroxide concentration in crosslinked linear polyethylene , 1971 .

[35]  J. C. Randall.  The identity of the amyl branch in low‐density polyethylenes , 1978 .

[36]  S. Machi,et al.  Dose rate effect on radiation-induced oxidation of polyethylene and ethylene-propylene copolymer , 1981 .

[37]  T. Ozawa,et al.  Kinetic analysis of derivative curves in thermal analysis , 1970 .

[38]  Effect of variables in artificial weathering on the degradation of selected plastics , 1966 .

[39]  T. Aminabhavi,et al.  Enhanced Environmental Degradation of Plastics , 1981 .

[40]  C. D. Keeling,et al.  LONG RANGE MIGRATION OF CHEMICAL ACTIVITY IN THE SOLID STATE , 1953 .

[41]  J. Schultz,et al.  The physical aging of isotactic polypropylene , 1981 .

[42]  K. Saotome,et al.  N‐Alkyl‐substituted polyamides and copolyamides having long methylene chain units , 1967 .

[43]  C. D. Doyle.  Estimating isothermal life from thermogravimetric data , 1962 .

[44]  C. Decker,et al.  Aging and degradation of polyolefins. III. Polyethylene and ethylene- propylene copolymers. Report No. 10 (final), December 1970--31 August 1972 , 1972 .

[45]  S. Matsuoka.  Hypothesis of Voids in Semicrystalline Polymers , 1961 .

[46]  P. Ghosh,et al.  Quantitative determination of carboxyl endgroups in vinyl polymers by the dye-interaction method , 1962 .

[47]  G. Scott,et al.  Mechanisms of antioxidant action: polymer grafted antioxidants , 1974 .

[48]  R. H. Hansen,et al.  The effect of carbon black on thermal antioxidants for polyethylene , 1959 .

[49]  S. Vasil’eva,et al.  The temperature-time function of the mechanical strength and ageing of polyethylene☆ , 1969 .

[50]  T. Ozawa.  A New Method of Analyzing Thermogravimetric Data , 1965 .

[51]  D. Allara,et al.  Low Temperature Gas- and Liquid-Phase Oxidations of Isobutane , 1968 .

[52]  A. V. Savitskiĭ,et al.  Relations between the deformation kinetics and molecular processes occurring during polyethylene orientation , 1980 .

[53]  T. Tinçer,et al.  A study of degradation of low density polyethylene under natural weathering conditions , 1980 .

[54]  E. Turi,et al.  The deterioration of polypropylene by oxidative degradation , 1965 .

[55]  T. Ozawa.  Non-isothermal kinetics of diffusion and its application to thermal analysis , 1973 .

[56]  W. Bailey,et al.  Contemporary Topics in Polymer Science , 1984 .

[57]  G. E. Ashby.  Oxyluminescence from polypropylene , 1961 .

[58]  N. Singpurwalla,et al.  Methods for Statistical Analysis of Reliability and Life Data. , 1975 .

[59]  H. Beachell,et al.  The oxidative degradation of polyethylene. II , 1960 .

[60]  H. L. Friedman,et al.  Kinetics and Gaseous Products of Thermal Decomposition of Polymers , 1967 .

[61]  S. L. Madorsky.  Rates of thermal degradation of polystyrene and polyethylene in a vacuum , 1952 .

[62]  A. Andersson,et al.  On the effect of mechanical energy on the degradation of polyethylene in the solid state and in the melt , 1977 .

[63]  B. Krisyuk,et al.  The effect of mechanical loads on the low temperature oxidation of polymers and the effect of ozone-oxygenous action on isotactic polypropylene , 1980 .

[64]  J. Koenig,et al.  Fourier transform infrared study of the effects of irradiation on polyethylene , 1975 .

[65]  H. Horowitz,et al.  A New Analysis of Thermogravimetric Traces. , 1963 .

[66]  G. Dienes,et al.  Evaluation of polyethylene crosslinked by ionizing radiation , 1954 .

[67]  S. L. Madorsky,et al.  Thermal degradation of polymers as a function of molecular structure , 1954 .

[68]  M. Narkis,et al.  The effect of ultraviolet radiation on chemically crosslinked low‐density polyethylene , 1976 .

[69]  J. Verdu,et al.  The change in mechanical behavior of linear polymers during photochemical aging , 1981 .

[70]  R. Gohlke,et al.  Mass Spectrometric Thermal Analysis. , 1963 .

[71]  H. M. Gilroy.  Long-Term Photo-and Thermal Oxidation of Polyethylene , 1979 .

[72]  N. G. Mccrum,et al.  Origin of the γ relaxations in polyethylene and polytetrafluoroethylene , 1969 .

[73]  V. Šatava,et al.  Mechanism and Kinetics of the Decomposition of Solids by a Thermogravimetric Method , 1969 .

[74]  S. L. Madorsky.  Thermal Degradation of Organic Polymers , 1964 .

[75]  J. K. Gillham,et al.  Pyrolysis‐molecular weight chromatography: A new on‐line system for analysis of polymers. II. Thermal decomposition of polyolefins: Polyethylene, polypropylene, polyisobutylene , 1976 .

[76]  H. Jellinek.  Thermal degradation of polystyrene and polyethylene. Part III , 1949 .

[77]  David A. Anderson,et al.  The kinetics of the thermal degradation of polystyrene and polyethylene , 1961 .

[78]  F. Bovey,et al.  Carbon-13 Observations of the Nature of the Short-Chain Branches in Low-Density Polyethylene , 1972 .

[79]  K. Gillen,et al.  Combined environment aging effects: Radiation‐thermal degradation of polyvinylchloride and polyethylene , 1981 .

[80]  A. Charlesby.  CHAPTER 7 – LONG CHAIN POLYMERS , 1960 .

[81]  C. D. Doyle.  Kinetic analysis of thermogravimetric data , 1961 .

[82]  C. Rogers,et al.  Aging of quenched polypropylene , 1972 .

[83]  Yoshio Tsuchiya,et al.  Thermal decomposition products of polypropylene , 1969 .

[84]  N. Grassie,et al.  Some aspects of the photo, photothermal and thermal decomposition of polypropylene under vacuum , 1975 .

[85]  Y. Tsuchiya,et al.  Thermal decomposition products of polyethylene , 1968 .

[86]  Arthur Victor Tobolsky.  Properties and Structure of Polymers. , 1960 .

[87]  Z. Fodor,et al.  The thermo-oxidative degradation of polyolefines—Part 10. Correlation between the formation of carboxyl groups and scission in the oxidation of polyethylene in the melt phase , 1980 .

[88]  James R. Wright,et al.  Colorimetric method for measuring polyester degradation due to weathering , 1963 .

[89]  L. A. Wall.  Mass spectrometric investigation of the thermal decomposition of polymers. , 1948, Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards.

[90]  I. C. Mcneill.  Polymer degradation and characterization by thermal volatilization analysis with differential condensation of products , 1970 .

[91]  R. E. Kellogg.  Mechanism of chemiluminescence from peroxy radicals , 1969 .

[92]  G. Johnson,et al.  Water Sorption and Its Effect on a Polymer's Dielectric Behavior , 1980 .

[93]  T. Manley,et al.  Crosslinked polyethylene at elevated temperatures , 1972 .

[94]  E. Peterli,et al.  Thermal degradation of polypropylene , 1962 .

[95]  F. Bovey,et al.  13C NMR Observation of the Effects of High Energy Radiation and Oxidation on Polyethylene and Model Paraffins , 1978 .

[96]  C. Decker,et al.  Aging and degradation of polyolefins. I. Peroxide‐initiated oxidations of atactic polypropylene , 1973 .

[97]  Aging of Polyolefin Electrical Insulation , 1979 .

[98]  W. Hawkins,et al.  The morphology of semicrystalline polymers. Part I. The effect of temperature on the oxidation of polyolefins , 1959 .

[99]  F. Zitomer.  Thermogravimetric-mass spectrometric analysis , 1968 .

[100]  E. Sörvik,et al.  Thermal degradation of polyethylene in a nitrogen atmosphere of low oxygen content. II. Structural changes occuring in low-density polyethylene at an oxygen content less than 0.0005% , 1974 .

[101]  F. Tüdös,et al.  Study of the thermal oxidation of polyolefines—II: Effect of layer thickness on the rate of oxidation in the melt phase , 1975 .

[102]  P. E. Slade,et al.  Techniques and methods of polymer evaluation , 1966 .

[103]  J. Zsako,et al.  Kinetic analysis of thermogravimetric data , 1968 .

[104]  J. Schooten,et al.  Pyrolysis—Hydrogenation—GLC of poly-α-olefins , 1965 .

[105]  T. Mill,et al.  Aging and degradation of polyolefins. IV. Thermal and photodecompositions of model peroxides , 1973 .