Recommendations for Plankton Measurements on OceanSITES Moorings With Relevance to Other Observing Sites

Measuring plankton and associated variables as part of ocean time-series stations has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of ocean biology and ecology and their ties to ocean biogeochemistry. It will open temporal scales (e.g., resolving diel cycles) not typically sampled as a function of depth. In this review we motivate the addition of biological measurements to time-series sites by detailing science questions they could help address, reviewing existing technology that could be deployed, and providing examples of time-series sites already deploying some of those technologies. We consider here the opportunities that exist through global coordination within the OceanSITES network for long-term (climate) time series station in the open ocean. Especially with respect to data management, global solutions are needed as these are critical to maximize the utility of such data. We conclude by providing recommendations for an implementation plan.

[1]  Christopher L. Follett,et al.  Trophic interactions with heterotrophic bacteria limit the range of Prochlorococcus , 2022, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[2]  L. Mortier,et al.  The Underwater Vision Profiler 6: an imaging sensor of particle size spectra and plankton, for autonomous and cabled platforms , 2021, Limnology and oceanography, methods.

[3]  T. Krumpen,et al.  Sea-ice derived meltwater stratification slows the biological carbon pump: results from continuous observations , 2021, Nature Communications.

[4]  A. Boetius,et al.  Sea ice presence is linked to higher carbon export and vertical microbial connectivity in the Eurasian Arctic Ocean , 2021, Communications Biology.

[5]  Lauren V. Weatherdon,et al.  Establishing the Foundation for the Global Observing System for Marine Life , 2021, Frontiers in Marine Science.

[6]  Lauren V. Weatherdon,et al.  Enhanced monitoring of life in the sea is a critical component of conservation management and sustainable economic growth , 2021 .

[7]  D. Dumesic,et al.  Laboratory Evaluation , 2021, Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e.

[8]  J. Newton,et al.  An Autonomous Platform for Near Real-Time Surveillance of Harmful Algae and Their Toxins in Dynamic Coastal Shelf Environments , 2021, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering.

[9]  A. D. Barton,et al.  Satellite detection of dinoflagellate blooms off California by UV reflectance ratios , 2021, Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene.

[10]  E. Malkiel,et al.  A Review of Holography in the Aquatic Sciences: In situ Characterization of Particles, Plankton, and Small Scale Biophysical Interactions , 2021, Frontiers in Marine Science.

[11]  G. Ivey,et al.  The potential role of turbulence in modulating the migration of demersal zooplankton , 2020, Limnology and Oceanography.

[12]  I. Obernosterer,et al.  Synchronized autonomous sampling reveals coupled pulses of biomass and export of morphologically different diatoms in the Southern Ocean , 2020, Limnology and Oceanography.

[13]  T. Trull,et al.  Particle Fluxes at the Australian Southern Ocean Time Series (SOTS) Achieve Organic Carbon Sequestration at Rates Close to the Global Median, Are Dominated by Biogenic Carbonates, and Show No Temporal Trends Over 20-Years , 2020, Frontiers in Earth Science.

[14]  E. Boss,et al.  Detecting Mesopelagic Organisms Using Biogeochemical‐Argo Floats , 2020, Geophysical research letters.

[15]  Isabel Ferrera,et al.  Recommendations for plankton measurements on the GO-SHIP program with relevance to other sea-going expeditions. SCOR Working Group 154 GO-SHIP Report. , 2020 .

[16]  L. Guidi,et al.  Sinking Organic Particles in the Ocean—Flux Estimates From in situ Optical Devices , 2020, Frontiers in Marine Science.

[17]  Yongxiang Hu,et al.  Global satellite-observed daily vertical migrations of ocean animals , 2019, Nature.

[18]  T. Trull,et al.  Multi-Year Observations of Fluorescence and Backscatter at the Southern Ocean Time Series (SOTS) Shed Light on Two Distinct Seasonal Bio-Optical Regimes , 2019, Front. Mar. Sci..

[19]  T. Trull,et al.  Coccolithophore biodiversity controls carbonate export in the Southern Ocean , 2019, Biogeosciences.

[20]  A. Schaap,et al.  Advancing Observation of Ocean Biogeochemistry, Biology, and Ecosystems With Cost-Effective in situ Sensing Technologies , 2019, Front. Mar. Sci..

[21]  P. Chauhan,et al.  Satellite Ocean Colour: Current Status and Future Perspective , 2019, Front. Mar. Sci..

[22]  T. Trull,et al.  Autonomous Multi-Trophic Observations of Productivity and Export at the Australian Southern Ocean Time Series (SOTS) Reveal Sequential Mechanisms of Physical-Biological Coupling , 2019, Front. Mar. Sci..

[23]  Rubens M. Lopes,et al.  Biased measurements by stationary turbidity‐fluorescence instruments due to phototactic zooplankton behavior , 2019, Limnology and Oceanography: Methods.

[24]  Thierry Carval,et al.  On the Future of Argo: A Global, Full-Depth, Multi-Disciplinary Array , 2019, Front. Mar. Sci..

[25]  T. Trull,et al.  The autonomous clean environmental (ACE) sampler: A trace‐metal clean seawater sampler suitable for open‐ocean time‐series applications , 2019, Limnology and Oceanography: Methods.

[26]  Elizabeth C. Kent,et al.  Air-Sea Fluxes With a Focus on Heat and Momentum , 2019, Front. Mar. Sci..

[27]  Patrick Heimbach,et al.  Observing System Evaluation Based on Ocean Data Assimilation and Prediction Systems: On-Going Challenges and a Future Vision for Designing and Supporting Ocean Observational Networks , 2019, Front. Mar. Sci..

[28]  Keenan Ball,et al.  Persistent near real‐time passive acoustic monitoring for baleen whales from a moored buoy: System description and evaluation , 2019, Methods in Ecology and Evolution.

[29]  Michael Kloster,et al.  Temporal changes in size distributions of the Southern Ocean diatom Fragilariopsis kerguelensis through high-throughput microscopy of sediment trap samples , 2019, Diatom Research.

[30]  Martin Edwards,et al.  A Global Plankton Diversity Monitoring Program , 2019, Front. Mar. Sci..

[31]  T. Mukai,et al.  Variation of Zooplankton Mean Volume Backscattering Strength from Moored and Mobile ADCP Instruments for Diel Vertical Migration Observation , 2019, Applied Sciences.

[32]  L. Artigas,et al.  Globally Consistent Quantitative Observations of Planktonic Ecosystems , 2019, Front. Mar. Sci..

[33]  J. Newton,et al.  Coastal Mooring Observing Networks and Their Data Products: Recommendations for the Next Decade , 2019, Front. Mar. Sci..

[34]  Jerald W. Mullison Backscatter Estimation Using ADCPs - Twenty Years Later , 2019, 2019 IEEE/OES Twelfth Current, Waves and Turbulence Measurement (CWTM).

[35]  Martin W. Johnson SOUND AS A TOOL IN MARINE ECOLOGY, FROM DATA ON BIOLOGICAL NOISES AND THE DEEP SCATTERING , 2019 .

[36]  A. Mishonov,et al.  Global comparison of benthic nepheloid layers based on 52 years of nephelometer and transmissometer measurements , 2018, Progress in Oceanography.

[37]  C. Duarte,et al.  Perspectives on a Global Observing System to Assess Ocean Health , 2018, Front. Mar. Sci..

[38]  Craig M. Lee,et al.  A multi-method autonomous assessment of primary productivity and export efficiency in the springtime North Atlantic. , 2018, Biogeosciences.

[39]  Jay Pearlman,et al.  Advancing Marine Biological Observations and Data Requirements of the Complementary Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) and Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) Frameworks , 2018, Front. Mar. Sci..

[40]  Ward Appeltans,et al.  Essential ocean variables for global sustained observations of biodiversity and ecosystem changes , 2018, Global change biology.

[41]  E. Boss,et al.  Student's tutorial on bloom hypotheses in the context of phytoplankton annual cycles , 2017, Global change biology.

[42]  C. Pedrós-Alió,et al.  Marine microbial diversity as seen by high-throughput sequencing , 2018 .

[43]  P. Bork,et al.  A global ocean atlas of eukaryotic genes , 2018, Nature Communications.

[44]  Fabrizio D'Ortenzio,et al.  Recommendations for obtaining unbiased chlorophyll estimates from in situ chlorophyll fluorometers: A global analysis of WET Labs ECO sensors , 2017 .

[45]  Wayne Rochester,et al.  Modeling What We Sample and Sampling What We Model: Challenges for Zooplankton Model Assessment , 2017, Front. Mar. Sci..

[46]  Matteo Vinci,et al.  Toward a new data standard for combined marine biological and environmental datasets - expanding OBIS beyond species occurrences , 2017, Biodiversity data journal.

[47]  T. Trull,et al.  Seasonal succession of phytoplankton community structure from autonomous sampling at the Australian Southern Ocean Time Series (SOTS) observatory , 2017 .

[48]  G. C. Pereira,et al.  SiMoCo: the viability of a prototype platform for a coastal monitoring system: a case study , 2016 .

[49]  Erik Schultes,et al.  The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship , 2016, Scientific Data.

[50]  David A. Siegel,et al.  Revaluating ocean warming impacts on global phytoplankton , 2016 .

[51]  Kelly J Benoit-Bird,et al.  Ecological Insights from Pelagic Habitats Acquired Using Active Acoustic Techniques. , 2016, Annual review of marine science.

[52]  B. Howe,et al.  An Inductive Charging and Real-Time Communications System for Profiling Moorings , 2015 .

[53]  Michael J. Behrenfeld,et al.  Analytical phytoplankton carbon measurements spanning diverse ecosystems , 2015 .

[54]  R. Bidigare,et al.  Particle distributions and dynamics in the euphotic zone of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre , 2015 .

[55]  Peer Bork,et al.  Open science resources for the discovery and analysis of Tara Oceans data , 2015, Scientific Data.

[56]  Momme Butenschön,et al.  Building the capacity for forecasting marine biogeochemistry and ecosystems: recent advances and future developments , 2015 .

[57]  Craig M. Lee,et al.  A simple optical index shows spatial and temporal heterogeneity in phytoplankton community composition during the 2008 North Atlantic Bloom Experiment , 2015 .

[58]  B. Tilbrook,et al.  Seasonality of biological and physical controls on surface ocean CO2 from hourly observations at the Southern Ocean Time Series site south of Australia , 2015 .

[59]  C. Kinkade,et al.  Manual for real-time quality control of ocean optics data : a guide to quality control and quality assurance of coastal and oceanic optics observations , 2015 .

[60]  P. Ralph,et al.  Performance of Fast Repetition Rate fluorometry based estimates of primary productivity in coastal waters , 2014 .

[61]  W. Howard,et al.  Diverse trends in shell weight of three Southern Ocean pteropod taxa collected with Polar Frontal Zone sediment traps from 1997 to 2007 , 2014, Polar Biology.

[62]  A. Solow,et al.  Diel size distributions reveal seasonal growth dynamics of a coastal phytoplankter , 2014, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[63]  J. L. Martin,et al.  A red tide of Alexandrium fundyense in the Gulf of Maine. , 2014, Deep-sea research. Part II, Topical studies in oceanography.

[64]  Emily E. Peacock,et al.  Parasitic infection of the diatom Guinardia delicatula, a recurrent and ecologically important phenomenon on the New England Shelf , 2014 .

[65]  E. Brownlee,et al.  Sixty years of Sverdrup : a retrospective of progress in the study of phytoplankton blooms , 2014 .

[66]  T. Trull,et al.  Hourly oxygen and total gas tension measurements at the Southern Ocean Time Series site reveal winter ventilation and spring net community production , 2014 .

[67]  E. Boss,et al.  Method for estimating mean particle size from high-frequency fluctuations in beam attenuation or scattering measurements. , 2013, Applied optics.

[68]  Annick Bricaud,et al.  Decomposition of in situ particulate absorption spectra , 2013 .

[69]  Christoph Waldmann,et al.  SeaCycler: A Moored Open-Ocean Profiling System for the Upper Ocean in Extended Self-Contained Deployments , 2013 .

[70]  R. A. Simons,et al.  ERDDAP - A Brokering Data Server for Gridded and Tabular Datasets , 2012 .

[71]  S. Josey,et al.  First air‐sea flux mooring measurements in the Southern Ocean , 2012 .

[72]  Mary Jane Perry,et al.  Particulate organic carbon and inherent optical properties during 2008 North Atlantic Bloom Experiment , 2012 .

[73]  John Wieczorek,et al.  Darwin Core: An Evolving Community-Developed Biodiversity Data Standard , 2012, PloS one.

[74]  E. Boss,et al.  In Situ Measurement of the Inherent Optical Properties (IOPs) and Potential for Harmful Algal Bloom Detection and Coastal Ecosystem Observations , 2012 .

[75]  D. Checkley,et al.  Framework for ocean observing , 2011, 2011 GEOSS Workshop XLII - Oceans.

[76]  P. Bork,et al.  A Holistic Approach to Marine Eco-Systems Biology , 2011, PLoS biology.

[77]  Collin S. Roesler,et al.  New insights on obtaining phytoplankton concentration and composition from in situ multispectral Chlorophyll fluorescence , 2010 .

[78]  Dariusz Stramski,et al.  Measurements and characterization of particle size distributions in coastal waters , 2010 .

[79]  C. J. Camphuysen,et al.  Sub-surface hotspots in shallow seas: fine-scale limited locations of top predator foraging habitat indicated by tidal mixing and sub-surface chlorophyll , 2010 .

[80]  C. Pontbriand,et al.  An integrated, underwater optical /acoustic communications system , 2010, OCEANS'10 IEEE SYDNEY.

[81]  Hans van Haren,et al.  Extracting Meaningful Information from Uncalibrated Backscattered Echo Intensity Data , 2010 .

[82]  Laurent Delauney,et al.  Biofouling protection for marine environmental sensors , 2009 .

[83]  Jason Feldman,et al.  Remote Detection of Marine Microbes, Small Invertebrates, Harmful Algae, and Biotoxins using the Environmental Sample Processor (ESP) , 2009 .

[84]  T. Saino,et al.  In situ observation of phytoplankton productivity by an underwater profiling buoy system: use of fast repetition rate fluorometry , 2008 .

[85]  P. Wiebe,et al.  Determining dominant scatterers of sound in mixed zooplankton populations. , 2007, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[86]  M. McManus,et al.  Effects of mesoscale physical processes on thin zooplankton layers at four sites along the west coast of the U.S. , 2007 .

[87]  Catherine A. Brown,et al.  Retrieval of phytoplankton biomass from simultaneous inversion of reflectance, the diffuse attenuation coefficient, and Sun‐induced fluorescence in coastal waters , 2007 .

[88]  Robert J. Olson,et al.  Automated taxonomic classification of phytoplankton sampled with imaging‐in‐flow cytometry , 2007 .

[89]  A. Halpern,et al.  The Sorcerer II Global Ocean Sampling Expedition: Northwest Atlantic through Eastern Tropical Pacific , 2007, PLoS biology.

[90]  S. Grant,et al.  Size distribution, sources, and seasonality of suspended particles in southern California marine bathing waters. , 2007, Environmental science & technology.

[91]  Tommy D. Dickey,et al.  Quick transport of primary produced organic carbon to the ocean interior , 2006 .

[92]  Michael J. Behrenfeld,et al.  Beam attenuation and chlorophyll concentration as alternative optical indices of phytoplankton biomass , 2006 .

[93]  A. Antia Solubilization of particles in sediment traps: revising the stoichiometry of mixed layer export , 2005 .

[94]  Tommy D. Dickey,et al.  Methods for Reducing Biofouling of Moored Optical Sensors , 2004 .

[95]  C. Pohl,et al.  A sediment trap flux study for trace metals under seasonal aspects in the stratified Baltic Sea (Gotland Basin; 57°19.20′N; 20°03.00′E) , 2004 .

[96]  H. Dau,et al.  A fluorometric method for the differentiation of algal populations in vivo and in situ , 2004, Photosynthesis Research.

[97]  P. Wiebe,et al.  From the Hensen net toward four-dimensional biological oceanography , 2003 .

[98]  Paul G. Fernandes,et al.  A consistent approach to definitions and symbols in fisheries acoustics , 2002 .

[99]  T. Trull,et al.  Moored sediment trap measurements of carbon export in the Subantarctic and Polar Frontal zones of the Southern Ocean, south of Australia , 2001 .

[100]  John N. Kemp,et al.  Mooring developments for autonomous ocean-sampling networks , 2001 .

[101]  André W. Visser,et al.  Subsurface phytoplankton blooms fuel pelagic production in the North Sea , 2000 .

[102]  James D. Irish,et al.  A laboratory evaluation of the laser in situ scattering and transmissometery instrument using natural sediments , 1999 .

[103]  Lucie Svobodova,et al.  The ocean , 1996, SIGGRAPH '96.

[104]  S. Wakeham,et al.  Effectiveness of various treatments in retarding microbial activity in sediment trap material and their effects on the collection of swimmers , 1992 .

[105]  G. S. Kleppel,et al.  Determination of zooplankton size and distribution with multifrequency acoustic technology , 1989 .

[106]  David M. Karl,et al.  In situ effects of selected preservatives on total carbon, nitrogen and metals collected in sediment traps , 1984 .

[107]  C. Lorenzen,et al.  A method for the continuous measurement of in vivo chlorophyll concentration , 1966 .

[108]  G. Wlodek,et al.  A method for the continuous measurement of net ionic fluxes in gastric pouches. , 1966, Canadian journal of surgery. Journal canadien de chirurgie.