Preface Part I. Classification and Evaluation of Electoral Systems. 1. The four phases of an electoral process 2. A unified description of electoral systems 3. Performance of an electoral system Part II. Designing Electoral Systems. 4. No electoral system is perfect 5. Basic properties for electoral formulas 6. Integer optimization approach 7. Rewarded and punished parties 8. Mixed electoral systems Part III. Designing Electoral Districts. 9. Traps in electoral district plans 10. Criteria for political districting 11. Indicators for political districting 12. Optimization Models Part IV. The Process of Electoral Reform: A Retrospective Critical View of a Political Scientist. 13. A difficult crossroad 14. The planning and politics of political reform Part V. A Short Guide to the Literature.