Organic Photoredox Catalysis.

In this review, we highlight the use of organic photoredox catalysts in a myriad of synthetic transformations with a range of applications. This overview is arranged by catalyst class where the photophysics and electrochemical characteristics of each is discussed to underscore the differences and advantages to each type of single electron redox agent. We highlight both net reductive and oxidative as well as redox neutral transformations that can be accomplished using purely organic photoredox-active catalysts. An overview of the basic photophysics and electron transfer theory is presented in order to provide a comprehensive guide for employing this class of catalysts in photoredox manifolds.

[1]  D. McPhee,et al.  Oxidation and reduction potentials of transient free radicals , 1985 .

[2]  D. T. Sawyer,et al.  Effects of media and electrode materials on the electrochemical reduction of dioxygen , 1982 .

[3]  C. Tanielian,et al.  DETERMINATION OF THE PARAMETERS CONTROLLING SINGLET OXYGEN PRODUCTION VIA OXYGEN AND HEAVY-ATOM ENHANCEMENT OF TRIPLET YIELDS , 1995 .

[4]  A. Ledwith,et al.  Cation-radicals: oxygen catalysis in the photosensitised cyclodimerisation of aromatic enamines , 1969 .

[5]  U. Yoon,et al.  EXPLORATORY AND MECHANISTIC ASPECTS OF THE ELECTRON-TRANSFER PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF OLEFIN-N-HETEROAROMATIC CATION SYSTEMS , 1983 .

[6]  K. Ohkubo,et al.  Determination of the structural features of a long-lived electron-transfer state of 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium ion. , 2012, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[7]  A. P. Darmanyan.  Experimental study of singlet-triplet energy transfer in liquid solutions , 1984 .

[8]  J. Hurley,et al.  Photochemical crosslinking of nylon-6,6 induced by 2-substituted anthraquinones , 1992 .

[9]  J. Scaiano,et al.  Metal-Free Photocatalytic Radical Trifluoromethylation Utilizing Methylene Blue and Visible Light Irradiation , 2014 .

[10]  Corey R J Stephenson,et al.  Visible light photoredox catalysis: applications in organic synthesis. , 2011, Chemical Society reviews.

[11]  M. Hatanaka,et al.  Inter- and intramolecular addition reactions of electron-deficient alkenes with alkyl radicals, generated by SET-photochemical decarboxylation of carboxylic acids, serve as a mild and efficient method for the preparation of gamma-amino acids and macrocyclic lactones. , 2009, Organic letters.

[12]  K. Shima,et al.  Organic photochemical reactions. XXXI. Photosensitized ring-cleavage reactions of 2,2-diaryloxetanes by aromatic nitriles. , 1989 .

[13]  Durga Prasad Hari,et al.  Visible Light‐Mediated Metal‐Free Synthesis of Vinyl Sulfones from Aryl Sulfinates , 2015 .

[14]  Y. Chow,et al.  Nonaromatic aminium radicals , 1978 .

[15]  S. Matsumoto.  Flash Photolysis of Methylene Blue. I. Reversible Photolysis in the Absence of a Reducing Agent and in the Presence of Certain Kinds of Reducing Agents , 1964 .

[16]  M. Fagnoni,et al.  Photochemical Synthesis of 4-Oxobutanal Acetals and of 2-Hydroxycyclobutanone Ketals. , 1999, The Journal of organic chemistry.

[17]  J. Scaiano,et al.  Active participation of amine-derived radicals in photoredox catalysis as exemplified by a reductive cyclization , 2013 .

[18]  Visible Light Mediated Organocatalytic Activation of Ethyl Bromofluoroacetate: Coupling with Indoles and Anilines. , 2015, The Journal of organic chemistry.

[19]  Chen-Ho Tung,et al.  Highly efficient and selective photocatalytic hydrogenation of functionalized nitrobenzenes , 2014 .

[20]  K. Shima,et al.  Photoamination of Alkenylnaphthalenes with Ammonia via Electron Transfer , 1998 .

[21]  A. Gennaro,et al.  Absolute potential of the standard hydrogen electrode and the problem of interconversion of potentials in different solvents. , 2010, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[22]  P. Ceroni,et al.  Diazapyrenium cored dendrimers: electron poor guests for a molecular clip host , 2012 .

[23]  David A. Nicewicz,et al.  Synthesis of highly substituted tetrahydrofurans by catalytic polar-radical-crossover cycloadditions of alkenes and alkenols. , 2013, Angewandte Chemie.

[24]  D. Dondi,et al.  Synthesis of γ-lactols, γ-lactones and 1,4-monoprotected succinaldehydes under moderately concentrated sunlight , 2009 .

[25]  David A. Nicewicz,et al.  Catalytic hydrotrifluoromethylation of styrenes and unactivated aliphatic alkenes via an organic photoredox system , 2013 .

[26]  Li‐Zhu Wu,et al.  Synthesis of 2-substituted pyrimidines and benzoxazoles via a visible-light-driven organocatalytic aerobic oxidation: enhancement of the reaction rate and selectivity by a base , 2014 .

[27]  Photochemistry of rhodamine dye salts involving intra-ion-pair electron transfer , 2003 .

[28]  K. Chiba,et al.  Electrocatalytic intermolecular olefin cross-coupling by anodically induced formal [2+2] cycloaddition between enol ethers and alkenes. , 2001, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[29]  J. Kochi,et al.  Electron-Transfer Mechanisms with Photoactivated Quinones. The Encounter Complex versus the Rehm−Weller Paradigm , 1999 .

[30]  E. Steckhan,et al.  Radical cation Diels–Alder reaction between indoles and exocyclic 1,3-dienes with incorporated intentional cleaving points , 1999 .

[31]  M. Májek,et al.  On the mechanism of photocatalytic reactions with eosin Y , 2014, Beilstein journal of organic chemistry.

[32]  J. Simpson,et al.  Photochemical addition of tertiary amines to stilbene. Stereoelectronic control of tertiary amine oxidation , 1981 .

[33]  Jia-Rong Chen,et al.  Visible-light-induced formal [3+2] cycloaddition for pyrrole synthesis under metal-free conditions. , 2014, Angewandte Chemie.

[34]  G. Pandey,et al.  A new strategy towards the total synthesis of phenanthridone alkaloids: synthesis of (+)-2,7-dideoxypancratistatin as a model study. , 2002, Chemical communications.

[35]  Shunichi Fukuzumi,et al.  Organic synthetic transformations using organic dyes as photoredox catalysts. , 2014, Organic & biomolecular chemistry.

[36]  David A. Nicewicz,et al.  Direct catalytic anti-markovnikov hydroetherification of alkenols. , 2012, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[37]  G. Orellana,et al.  A clean, well-defined solid system for photosensitized 1O2 production measurements. , 2006, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[38]  A. W. Addison,et al.  Conversion constants for redox potentials measured versus different reference electrodes in acetonitrile solutions at 25°C , 2000 .

[39]  W. Adam,et al.  The nitroso ene reaction: a regioselective and stereoselective allylic nitrogen functionalization of mechanistic delight and synthetic potential. , 2003, Chemical reviews.

[40]  Z. Mao,et al.  Synthesis of 6-substituted phenanthridines by metal-free, visible-light induced aerobic oxidative cyclization of 2-isocyanobiphenyls with hydrazines , 2014 .

[41]  Structural Dependence on Photoaddition of Methanol to Arylalkenes. Solvent and Additive Effects on Photoinduced Electron Transfer Reaction , 1989 .

[42]  S. Nelsen,et al.  On the deprotonation of trialkylamine cation radicals by amines , 1986 .

[43]  A. Konno,et al.  Evidence for a chair cyclohexane-1,4-radical cation intermediate in the single electron-transfer-induced Cope rearrangement of 2,5-diaryl-1,5-hexadienes , 1988 .

[44]  C. T. O'konski,et al.  A SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY OF METHYLENE BLUE MONOMER, DIMER, AND COMPLEXES WITH MONTMORILLONITE , 1963 .

[45]  K. Ohkubo,et al.  Electron-transfer oxidation properties of unsaturated fatty acids and mechanistic insight into lipoxygenases. , 2006, The journal of physical chemistry. A.

[46]  M. Chanon,et al.  Photoelectron-transfer catalysis: its connections with thermal and electrochemical analogs , 1983 .

[47]  M. Demuth,et al.  Light-induced polyene cyclizations via radical cations in micellar medium , 1993 .

[48]  Burkhard König,et al.  Synthetic applications of eosin Y in photoredox catalysis. , 2014, Chemical communications.

[49]  H. R. Cooper.  Photoreduction of anthraquinone sulphonates in aqueous organic media , 1966 .

[50]  C. von Sonntag,et al.  The Oxidation of Trimethylamine by OH Radicals in Aqueous Solution, as Studied by Pulse Radiolysis, ESR, and Product Analysis. The Reactions of the Alkylamine Radical Cation, the Aminoalkyl Radical, and the Protonated Aminoalkyl Radical , 1986 .

[51]  Emre H. Discekici,et al.  A highly reducing metal-free photoredox catalyst: design and application in radical dehalogenations. , 2015, Chemical communications.

[52]  M. Kasha.  Paths of molecular excitation. , 1960, Radiation research.

[53]  David A. Nicewicz,et al.  Visible Light Photoinitiated Metal-Free Living Cationic Polymerization of 4-Methoxystyrene. , 2015, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[54]  Jun-ichi Yoshida,et al.  Direct C-N coupling of imidazoles with aromatic and benzylic compounds via Electrooxidative C-H functionalization. , 2014, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[55]  A. Griesbeck,et al.  9-Mesityl-10-methylacridinium: an efficient type II and electron-transfer photooxygenation catalyst. , 2007, Organic letters.

[56]  Jian Zhang,et al.  Donor-Acceptor Fluorophores for Visible-Light-Promoted Organic Synthesis: Photoredox/Ni Dual Catalytic C(sp3)-C(sp2) Cross-Coupling , 2016 .

[57]  M. Sabat,et al.  Photoactive C16-C21 fragmentation of catharanthine , 1991 .

[58]  J. Scaiano,et al.  Transient phenomena in the laser flash photolysis of Rose Bengal C-2' ethyl ester C-6 sodium salt , 1989 .

[59]  Sandip B. Bharate.  2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) , 2006 .

[60]  M. Demuth,et al.  Cascade Cyclizations of Terpenoid Polyalkenes Triggered by Photoelectron Transfer – Biomimetics with Photons†‡ , 1995 .

[61]  L. Yadav,et al.  Visible-light-mediated difunctionalization of styrenes: an unprecedented approach to 5-aryl-2-imino-1,3-oxathiolanes , 2015 .

[62]  Akbar Ali,et al.  Tris(trimethylsilyl)silane and visible-light irradiation: a new metal- and additive-free photochemical process for the synthesis of indoles and oxindoles. , 2015, Chemical communications.

[63]  A. Bard,et al.  Electrogenerated chemiluminescence: Part XXVII. E.C.L. and electrochemical studies of selected laser dyes , 1977 .

[64]  A. Yamaguchi,et al.  Photoinduced electron-transfer systems consisting of electron-donating pyrenes or anthracenes and benzimidazolines for reductive transformation of carbonyl compounds , 2006 .

[65]  I. Guzei,et al.  Photocatalytic Reductive Cyclizations of Enones: Divergent Reactivity of Photogenerated Radical and Radical Anion Intermediates. , 2011, Chemical science.

[66]  Cole L. Cruz,et al.  Ambient-Temperature Newman-Kwart Rearrangement Mediated by Organic Photoredox Catalysis. , 2015, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[67]  C. Lambert,et al.  Electron Transfer Quenching of the Rose Bengal Triplet State , 1997, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[68]  A. Mooring,et al.  Photosensitized [4 + 2] cyclodimerization of 1,3-cyclohexadiene , 1983 .

[69]  Axel G. Griesbeck,et al.  Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Syntheses , 2013 .

[70]  Yi‐Hung Liu,et al.  An extremely stable host-guest complex that functions as a fluorescence probe for calcium ions. , 2006, Chemistry.

[71]  M. Miranda,et al.  Stepwise cycloreversion of oxetane radical cations with initial C-O bond cleavage. , 2002, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[72]  K. Ohkubo,et al.  Photocatalytic alkoxylation of benzene with 3-cyano-1-methylquinolinium ion. , 2012, Optics express.

[73]  K. Shima,et al.  Photoinduced nucleophilic addition of ammonia and alkylamines to methoxy-substituted styrene derivatives , 1994 .

[74]  G. Molander,et al.  Single-electron transmetalation in organoboron cross-coupling by photoredox/nickel dual catalysis , 2014, Science.

[75]  Yu-Chen Lin,et al.  Acridinium salt-based fluoride and acetate chromofluorescent probes: molecular insights into anion selectivity switching. , 2009, Organic letters.

[76]  K. Ohkubo,et al.  Oxygenation of α-Methylstyrene with Molecular Oxygen, Catalyzed by 10-Methylacridinium Ion via Photoinduced Electron Transfer , 2003 .

[77]  R. Cibulka,et al.  Electron-deficient heteroarenium salts: an organocatalytic tool for activation of hydrogen peroxide in oxidations. , 2015, The Journal of organic chemistry.

[78]  K. Ohkubo,et al.  Photocatalytic formation of dimethyllepidopterene from 9,10-dimethylanthracene via electron-transfer oxidation. , 2006, Organic letters.

[79]  J. Pinson,et al.  Covalent Modification of Carbon Surfaces by Aryl Radicals Generated from the Electrochemical Reduction of Diazonium Salts , 1997 .

[80]  C. Stephenson,et al.  Synthesis of symmetric anhydrides using visible light-mediated photoredox catalysis. , 2012, Organic & biomolecular chemistry.

[81]  C. Tung,et al.  A cascade cross-coupling hydrogen evolution reaction by visible light catalysis. , 2013, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[82]  Choon‐Hong Tan,et al.  Dehydrogenative coupling reactions catalysed by Rose Bengal using visible light irradiation , 2011 .

[83]  P. Floreancig,et al.  Mechanistic Analysis of Oxidative C-H Cleavages Using Inter- and Intramolecular Kinetic Isotope Effects. , 2009, Tetrahedron.

[84]  T. Herbertz,et al.  Intramolecular nucleophilic capture of radical cations by tethered hydroxy functions , 2006 .

[85]  S. Hünig,et al.  Über zweistufige Redoxsysteme, XII1) Synthese und Polarographie von Quartärsalzen der Phenanthroline, des 2,7‐Diazapyrens sowie der Diazoniapentaphene , 1973 .

[86]  J. Santamaria,et al.  Electron-transfer activation. Photochemical N-demethylation of tertiary amines , 1989 .

[87]  H. Togo,et al.  Remote functionalization (1): Synthesis of γ- and δ-lactones from aromatic carboxylic acids , 1995 .

[88]  J. Verhoeven,et al.  Cation complexation with functionalized 9-arylacridinium ions: Possible applications in the development of cation-selective optical probes , 1989 .

[89]  David A. Nicewicz,et al.  Experimental and Calculated Electrochemical Potentials of Common Organic Molecules for Applications to Single-Electron Redox Chemistry , 2015, Synlett.

[90]  I. Gould,et al.  Bonded exciplexes. A new concept in photochemical reactions. , 2007, The Journal of organic chemistry.

[91]  J. Hilborn,et al.  Rates of decarboxylation of acyloxy radicals formed in the photocleavage of substituted 1-naphthylmethyl alkanoates , 1991 .

[92]  W. Galley,et al.  Perturbations to the intersystem crossing of proflavin upon binding to DNA and poly d(A-IU) from triplet-delayed emission spectroscopy. , 1988, Biophysical journal.

[93]  J. Gonzalez-Gomez,et al.  Photocatalytic Dehydrogenative Lactonization of 2-Arylbenzoic Acids. , 2015, Organic letters.

[94]  P. Melchiorre,et al.  Enantioselective direct α-alkylation of cyclic ketones by means of photo-organocatalysis , 2014 .

[95]  C. Foote,et al.  Photosensitized oxygenation of alkenes and sulfides via a non-singlet-oxygen mechanism , 1977 .

[96]  Mitsunobu Nakamura,et al.  PHOTOINDUCED ELECTRON-TRANSFER REACTIONS OF TRI-1-NAPHTHYL PHOSPHATE AND DI-1-NAPHTHYL METHYLPHOSPHONATE SENSITISED BY 9,10-DICYANOANTHRACENE , 1997 .

[97]  M. Akita,et al.  Visible Light‐Induced Selective Generation of Radicals from Organoborates by Photoredox Catalysis , 2012 .

[98]  Adam S. Pimentel,et al.  Nature and kinetic analysis of carbon-carbon bond fragmentation reactions of cation radicals derived from SET-oxidation of lignin model compounds. , 2010, The Journal of organic chemistry.

[99]  B. Chenera,et al.  Cation-stabilizing auxiliaries in polyene cyclizations. 4. The fluorine atom as a cation-stabilizing auxiliary in biomimetic polyene cyclizations. 1. Background and exploratory experiments , 1993 .

[100]  Reversibility in the Reaction of Cyclohexadienyl Radicals with Oxygen in Aqueous Solution , 1995 .

[101]  Klavs F. Jensen,et al.  Direct oxidative amidation of aromatic aldehydes using aqueous hydrogen peroxide in continuous flow microreactor systems , 2012 .

[102]  J. Santamaria,et al.  Electron-transfer activation. Photocyanation of tertiary amines. , 1990 .

[103]  K. Houk,et al.  An experimental and computational approach to defining structure/reactivity relationships for intramolecular addition reactions to bicyclic epoxonium ions. , 2007, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[104]  D. Nicewicz,et al.  Divergent regioselectivity in photoredox-catalyzed hydrofunctionalization reactions of unsaturated amides and thioamides , 2014, Chemical science.

[105]  R. Fish,et al.  Aqueous organometallic chemistry. 3. Catalytic hydride transfer reactions with ketones and aldehydes using [Cp*Rh(bpy)(H2O)](OTf)2 as the precatalyst and sodium formate as the hydride source: Kinetic and activation parameters, and the significance of steric and electronic effects , 2010 .

[106]  Davide Ravelli,et al.  Photoorganocatalysis. What for? , 2013, Chemical Society reviews.

[107]  K. Ohkubo,et al.  Driving Force Dependence of Photoinduced Electron Transfer Dynamics of Intercalated Molecules in DNA , 2003 .

[108]  E. Oliveros,et al.  Determination of the Quantum Yield of Intersystem Crossing of Rose Bengal , 1987 .

[109]  G. Pandey,et al.  Photoinduced single electron transfer initiated heterolytic carbon-selenium bond dissociation. Sequential one-pot selenenylation and deselenenylation reaction , 1990 .

[110]  Frank Hollmann,et al.  The First Synthetic Application of a Monooxygenase Employing Indirect Electrochemical NADH Regeneration. , 2001, Angewandte Chemie.

[111]  M. Miranda,et al.  Involvement of triplet excited states and olefin radical cations in electron-transfer cycloreversion of four-membered ring compounds photosensitized by (thia)pyrylium salts. , 2002, The Journal of organic chemistry.

[112]  D. Bassani,et al.  Styrene-amine and stilbene-amine intra-molecular addition reactions , 1992 .

[113]  C. Kappe,et al.  Continuous flow α-trifluoromethylation of ketones by metal-free visible light photoredox catalysis. , 2014, Organic letters.

[114]  N. Yang,et al.  PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF KETONES IN SOLUTION , 1958 .

[115]  V. Ramamurthy,et al.  Photochemical reaction containers as energy and electron-transfer agents. , 2013, Organic letters.

[116]  Choon‐Hong Tan,et al.  Organic Dye‐Photocatalyzed Acylnitroso Ene Reaction , 2013 .

[117]  H. Sakuragi,et al.  Triphenylpyrylium-salt-sensitized electron transfer oxygenation of adamantylideneadamantane. Product, fluorescence quenching, and laser flash photolysis studies , 1991 .

[118]  K. Ishihara,et al.  A new artificial cyclase for polyprenoids: enantioselective total synthesis of (-)-chromazonarol, (+)-8-epi-puupehedione, and (-)-11'-deoxytaondiol methyl ether. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[119]  F. Glorius,et al.  Efficient Oxidative Synthesis of 2-Oxazolines , 2006 .

[120]  J. Svoboda,et al.  Thiourea-enhanced flavin photooxidation of benzyl alcohol. , 2008, Chemistry.

[121]  N. Peters,et al.  Endoperoxide synthesis by photocatalytic aerobic [2 + 2 + 2] cycloadditions. , 2012, Organic letters.

[122]  O. Prakash,et al.  Hypervalent iodine oxidation of phenolic schiff's bases: Synthesis of 2-arylbenzoxazoles , 1997 .

[123]  J. Silber,et al.  Solvatochromism of anthraquinone and symmetrical dihydroxy derivatives. Local interactions , 1993 .

[124]  M. Zupan,et al.  Environmentally benign electrophilic and radical bromination 'on water': H2O2-HBr system versus N-bromosuccinimide , 2009 .

[125]  A. Griesbeck,et al.  Photoinduced azidohydroperoxidation of myrtenyl hydroperoxide with semiconductor particles and lucigenin as PET-catalysts , 2010, Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology.

[126]  R. Lechner,et al.  Photooxidation of Benzyl Alcohols with Immobilized Flavins , 2009 .

[127]  C. Previtali,et al.  Photophysical properties of safranine O in protic solvents. , 2004, Spectrochimica Acta Part A - Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy.

[128]  A. M. Amat,et al.  Organic photocatalysts for the oxidation of pollutants and model compounds. , 2012, Chemical reviews.

[129]  B. König,et al.  Metal-Free Perfluoroarylation by Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis , 2016 .

[130]  T. Arai,et al.  Effects of Sensitizer Spin Multiplicity on Electron-Transfer Initiated Isomerization of cis-Stilbene , 1988 .

[131]  L. Lindqvist,et al.  TRANSIENT SPECIES IN THE PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF EOSIN* , 1965 .

[132]  R. J. Boyd,et al.  Thermochemical parameters for organic radicals and radical ions. Part 2. The protonation of hydrocarbon radicals in the gas phase , 1982 .

[133]  Saul G. Cohen,et al.  Photoreduction by amines , 1973 .

[134]  K. Ohkubo,et al.  Regioreversed Thermal and Photochemical Reduction of 10-Methylacridinium and 1-Methylquinolinium Ions by Organosilanes and Oraganostannanes , 2001 .

[135]  D. Leow.  Phenazinium salt-catalyzed aerobic oxidative amidation of aromatic aldehydes. , 2014, Organic letters.

[136]  T. C. Bruice,et al.  Monooxygen donation potential of 4a-hydroperoxyflavins as compared with those of a percarboxylic acid and other hydroperoxides. Monooxygen donation to olefin, tertiary amine, alkyl sulfide, and iodide ion , 1983 .

[137]  Huajian Xu,et al.  Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation of Cyclobutanones with 10-Methylacridinium as an Efficient Organocatalyst , 2012 .

[138]  R. Lechner,et al.  Visible light flavin photo-oxidation of methylbenzenes, styrenes and phenylacetic acids , 2010, Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology.

[139]  M. Akita,et al.  Hydroaminomethylation of Olefins with Aminomethyltrifluoroborate by Photoredox Catalysis , 2014 .

[140]  Crossed Intermolecular [2+2] Cycloaddition of Styrenes by Visible Light Photocatalysis. , 2012, Chemical science.

[141]  T. Takata,et al.  STEREOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF DIOXETANE FORMATION WITH HINDERED OLEFINS , 1984 .

[142]  J. Metternich,et al.  A Bio-Inspired, Catalytic E→Z Isomerization of Activated Olefins. , 2016 .

[143]  Xian-Ming Pan,et al.  Hydroxyl-radical-induced oxidation of cyclohexa-1,4-diene by O2 in aqueous solution. A pulse radiolysis and product study , 1993 .

[144]  H. García,et al.  2,4,6-Triphenylpyrylium Tetrafluoroborate as an Electron-Transfer Photosensitizer , 1994 .

[145]  I. Gould,et al.  Electron-Transfer Reactions in the Marcus Inverted Region. Charge Recombination versus Charge Shift Reactions , 1989 .

[146]  I. Beletskaya,et al.  Metal-mediated reductive hydrodehalogenation of organic halides. , 2002, Chemical reviews.

[147]  S. M. Aschmann,et al.  Kinetics of the gas-phase reactions of NO3 radicals with a series of alcohols, glycol ethers, ethers and chloroalkenes , 1998 .

[148]  David J. Gosztola,et al.  Excited Doublet States of Electrochemically Generated Aromatic Imide and Diimide Radical Anions , 2000 .

[149]  H. Willigen,et al.  TIME-RESOLVED EPR STUDY OF PHOTOEXCITED TRIPLET-STATE FORMATION IN ELECTRON-DONOR-SUBSTITUTED ACRIDINIUM IONS , 1996 .

[150]  O. Lanzalunga,et al.  Mechanistic Aspects of β-Bond-Cleavage Reactions of Aromatic Radical Cations , 2000 .

[151]  W. Xiao,et al.  Room-Temperature Synthesis of Isoquino[2,1-a][3,1]oxazine and Isoquino[2,1-a]pyrimidine Derivatives via Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis. , 2012 .

[152]  C. A. Parker,et al.  PROMPT AND DELAYED FLUORESCENCE OF SOME DNA ADSORBATES , 1973, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[153]  Li Yang,et al.  Photosensitized Diels–Alder reactions of N-arylimines: synthesis of tetrahydroquinoline derivatives , 2002 .

[154]  P. Baran,et al.  Direct C-H arylation of electron-deficient heterocycles with arylboronic acids. , 2010, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[155]  O. Wiest,et al.  PHOTOCHEMICALLY INDUCED RADICAL CATION DIELS-ALDER REACTION OF INDOLE AND ELECTRON-RICH DIENES , 1991 .

[156]  P. Radlick,et al.  2,2',4,4',6,6'-Hexamethyl-4,4'-bi-4H-pyran1,2 , 1961 .

[157]  D. Muralidharan,et al.  Oxidative cyclization of thiophenolic and phenolic Schiff's bases promoted by PCC: a new oxidant for 2-substituted benzothiazoles and benzoxazoles , 2008 .

[158]  R. Schmidt,et al.  Oxygen Quenching of nπ* Triplet Phenyl Ketones: Local Excitation and Local Deactivation , 2001 .

[159]  David A. Nicewicz,et al.  Direct catalytic anti-Markovnikov addition of carboxylic acids to alkenes. , 2013, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[160]  Yoshida,et al.  Highly efficient and chemoselective reductive bis-silylation of quinones by silyltellurides , 2000, Organic letters.

[161]  J. Verhoeven,et al.  Charge shift and triplet state formation in the 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium cation. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[162]  J. Santamaria,et al.  Electron-transfer activation. Salt effects on the photooxidation of tertiary amines : A useful N-demethylation method , 1989 .

[163]  G. Pandey,et al.  Visible-Light-Catalyzed Direct Benzylic C(sp(3))-H Amination Reaction by Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling. , 2015, Angewandte Chemie.

[164]  D. Nam,et al.  Visible Light‐Driven NADH Regeneration Sensitized by Proflavine for Biocatalysis , 2012, Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology.

[165]  Li Liu,et al.  Metal-free, visible-light photoredox catalysis: transformation of arylmethyl bromides to alcohols and aldehydes , 2014 .

[166]  Wanhong Ma,et al.  Visible photooxidation of dibenzothiophenes sensitized by 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4, 6-diphenylpyrylium: an electron transfer mechanism without involvement of superoxide. , 2006, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[167]  Bernd Mühldorf,et al.  Photocatalytic benzylic C-H bond oxidation with a flavin scandium complex. , 2015, Chemical communications.

[168]  K. Zhao,et al.  Synthesis of 2-arylbenzoxazoles via DDQ promoted oxidative cyclization of phenolic Schiff bases—a solution-phase strategy for library synthesis , 2002 .

[169]  J. Lex,et al.  Azidohydroperoxidation of pinenes: stereoselectivity pattern and the first X-ray structure of a 2-azidohydroperoxide , 2000 .

[170]  S. Tripathi,et al.  Photocatalytic Oxidative Heterocyclization of Semicarbazones: An Efficient Approach for the Synthesis of 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles , 2015, Synlett.

[171]  R. Redmond,et al.  A Compilation of Singlet Oxygen Yields from Biologically Relevant Molecules , 1999, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[172]  Wei Zhang,et al.  Efficient aerobic oxidative synthesis of 2-substituted benzoxazoles, benzothiazoles, and benzimidazoles catalyzed by 4-methoxy-TEMPO. , 2008, Angewandte Chemie.

[173]  Photoinduced electron transfer (PET) in organic synthesis , 1993 .

[174]  M. Koizumi,et al.  Determination of the S*–T Transition Probabilities of Some Xanthene and Thiazine Dyes on the Basis of the T-Energy Transfer. I. Experiment in Ethanol Solutions , 1969 .

[175]  Xinquan Hu,et al.  2,3‐Dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone (DDQ)/tert‐Butyl Nitrite/Oxygen: A Versatile Catalytic Oxidation System , 2011 .

[176]  K. Ohkubo,et al.  100 selective oxygenation of p-xylene to p-tolualdehyde via photoinduced electron transfer , 2000, Organic letters.

[177]  Hui-jun Xu,et al.  Photosensitized reduction of benzil by heteroatom-containing anthracene dyes , 1989 .

[178]  Saul G. Cohen,et al.  Nanosecond flash studies of reduction of benzophenone by aliphatic amines. Quantum yields and kinetic isotope effects , 1981 .

[179]  H. Heller.  Utilization of (n,.pi.*) excitation bands in the formation of radicals. II. Thiobenzophenone anion radical , 1967 .

[180]  K. Zeitler,et al.  A cooperative hydrogen-bond-promoted organophotoredox catalysis strategy for highly diastereoselective, reductive enone cyclization. , 2013, Chemistry.

[181]  G. Schrauzer,et al.  The nucleophilicity of vitamin B(sub 12s) , 1968 .

[182]  J. Bozzelli,et al.  Oxidation of the Benzyl Radical: Mechanism, Thermochemistry, and Kinetics for the Reactions of Benzyl Hydroperoxide. , 2009, Journal of chemical theory and computation.

[183]  A. Deronzier,et al.  Photo-oxidation of some carbinols by the Ru(II) polypyridyl complex-aryl diazonium salt system , 1984 .

[184]  Joseph W Tucker,et al.  Electron-transfer photoredox catalysis: development of a tin-free reductive dehalogenation reaction. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[185]  P. Floreancig,et al.  Total synthesis of theopederin D. , 2008, Angewandte Chemie.

[186]  A. Beckwith,et al.  Regio- and stereo-selectivity of alkenyl radical ring closure: a theoretical study , 1985 .

[187]  K. Ohkubo,et al.  Visible-light-induced oxygenation of benzene by the triplet excited state of 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone. , 2013, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[188]  Jagan M. R. Narayanam,et al.  Visible-light-mediated conversion of alcohols to halides. , 2011, Nature chemistry.

[189]  Wen-Jing Xiao,et al.  [3 + 2] Cycloaddition/Oxidative Aromatization Sequence via Photoredox Catalysis: One-Pot Synthesis of Oxazoles from 2H-Azirines and Aldehydes. , 2015, Organic letters.

[190]  M. Daiber,et al.  Intersystem-Crossing and Excited-State Absorption in Eosin Y Solutions Determined by Picosecond Double Pulse Transient Absorption Measurements , 1992 .

[191]  J. Mattay,et al.  Synthetic applications in radical/radical cationic cascade reactions. , 2004, Chemistry.

[192]  E. Hayon,et al.  Electron and hydrogen atom attachment to aromatic carbonyl compounds in aqueous solution. Absorption spectra and dissociation constants of ketyl radicals , 1972 .

[193]  Li‐Zhu Wu,et al.  Metal‐Free Desulfonylation Reaction Through Visible‐Light Photoredox Catalysis , 2013 .

[194]  Lihong Liu,et al.  Photophysics of Halogenated Fluoresceins: Involvement of Both Intramolecular Electron Transfer and Heavy Atom Effect in the Deactivation of Excited States , 2010, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[195]  M. Pileni,et al.  Light-induced redox reactions of proflavine in aqueous and micellar solution , 1980 .

[196]  P. Seybold,et al.  Solvent Dependence of the Fluorescence Lifetimes of Xanthene Dyes , 1999 .

[197]  Marye Anne Fox,et al.  PHOTOINDUCED ELECTRON TRANSFER , 1990 .

[198]  K. Ohkubo,et al.  Metal-free oxygenation of cyclohexane with oxygen catalyzed by 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium and hydrogen chloride under visible light irradiation. , 2011, Chemical communications.

[199]  I. Gould,et al.  Efficient photoinduced generation of radical cations in solvents of medium and low polarity , 1991 .

[200]  K. Ishihara,et al.  Enantioselective Biomimetic Cyclization of Homo(polyprenyl)arenes. A New Entry to (+)-Podpcarpa-8,11,13-triene Diterpenoids and (−)-Tetracyclic Polyprenoid of Sedimentary Origin , 2001 .

[201]  I. Gould,et al.  Cage escape yields and direct observation of intermediates in photoinduced electron-transfer reactions of cis- and trans-stilbene , 1988 .

[202]  K. Ohkubo,et al.  Selective oxygenation of ring-substituted toluenes with electron-donating and -withdrawing substituents by molecular oxygen via photoinduced electron transfer. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[203]  J. W. Bunting,et al.  Kinetic and thermodynamic control of pseudobase formation from C-3 substituted 1-methylquinolinium cations , 1984 .

[204]  A. Guy,et al.  A Mild and Efficient Procedure for Ring-Opening Reactions of Piperidine and Pyrrolidine Derivatives by Single Electron Transfer Photooxidation , 2000 .

[205]  G. Pandey,et al.  A new and efficient strategy for non-stabilized azomethine ylide via photoinduced electron transfer (PET) initiated sequential double desilylation , 1992 .

[206]  M. Akita,et al.  Redox-economical radical generation from organoborates and carboxylic acids by organic photoredox catalysis , 2015 .

[207]  C. Vila,et al.  Visible-light photoredox catalyzed synthesis of pyrroloisoquinolines via organocatalytic oxidation/[3 + 2] cycloaddition/oxidative aromatization reaction cascade with Rose Bengal , 2014, Beilstein journal of organic chemistry.

[208]  K. Burgess,et al.  BODIPY Dyes and Their Derivatives: Syntheses and Spectroscopic Properties , 2008 .

[209]  D. MacMillan,et al.  Trifluoromethylation of arenes and heteroarenes by means of photoredox catalysis , 2011, Nature.

[210]  P. Floreancig,et al.  Electron transfer initiated cyclizations: cyclic acetal synthesis through carbon-carbon sigma-bond activation. , 2001, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[211]  David A. Nicewicz,et al.  Merging Photoredox Catalysis with Organocatalysis: The Direct Asymmetric Alkylation of Aldehydes. , 2009 .

[212]  I. Gould,et al.  Contact and solvent-separated geminate radical ion pairs in electron-transfer photochemistry , 1991 .

[213]  J. Mattay.  Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Organic Synthesis , 1989 .

[214]  A. Benniston,et al.  On the Photochemical Stability of the 9‐Mesityl‐10‐methylacridinium Cation , 2009 .

[215]  J. Verhoeven,et al.  Comment: Electron-transfer reactions in the 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium ion: impurities, triplet states and infinitely long-lived charge-shift states? , 2008, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[216]  D. Griller,et al.  Thermochemistry of .alpha.-aminoalkyl radicals , 1981 .

[217]  F. Bureš,et al.  Controllable Chemoselectivity in Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis: Four Diverse Aerobic Radical Cascade Reactions. , 2015, Angewandte Chemie.

[218]  R. Rathore,et al.  Direct Observation and Structural Characterization of the Encounter Complex in Bimolecular Electron Transfers with Photoactivated Acceptors , 1997 .

[219]  F. Gadallah,et al.  Substituent effects in the polarography of aromatic diazonium salts , 1969 .

[220]  F. Lewis.  Proton-Transfer Reactions of Photogenerated Radical Ion Pairs , 1986 .

[221]  S. Nakamura.  Nobel Lecture: Background story of the invention of efficient blue InGaN light emitting diodes , 2015 .

[222]  Andrew J Boydston,et al.  Developments in Externally Regulated Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization , 2015, Synlett.

[223]  N. Hoffmann.  Efficient photochemical electron transfer sensitization of homogeneous organic reactions , 2008 .

[224]  Hiroshi Amano,et al.  Nobel Lecture: Growth of GaN on sapphire via low-temperature deposited buffer layer and realization of p -type GaN by Mg doping followed by low-energy electron beam irradiation , 2015 .

[225]  Electron transfer initiated heterogenerative cascade cyclizations: polyether synthesis under nonacidic conditions. , 2002 .

[226]  G. Babcock,et al.  Properties of 5-methylphenazinium methyl sulfate. Reaction of the oxidized form with NADH and of the reduced form with oxygen. , 1982, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[227]  D. Neckers.  The Indian happiness wart in the development of photodynamic action , 1987 .

[228]  K. Ishihara,et al.  The First Enantioselective Biomimetic Cyclization of Polyprenoids , 1999 .

[229]  Lijun Gu,et al.  Metal-free, visible-light-mediated transformation of aryl diazonium salts and (hetero)arenes: an efficient route to aryl ketones , 2015 .

[230]  K. Zeitler,et al.  Application of microflow conditions to visible light photoredox catalysis. , 2012, Organic letters.

[231]  C. Galli.  Radical reactions of arenediazonium ions: An easy entry into the chemistry of the aryl radical , 1988 .

[232]  B. Langlois,et al.  Trifluoromethylation of aromatic compounds with sodium trifluoromethanesulfinate under oxidative conditions. , 1991 .

[233]  C. Stephenson,et al.  Shining light on photoredox catalysis: theory and synthetic applications. , 2012, The Journal of organic chemistry.

[234]  S. Fukuzumi,et al.  Protonated pteridine and flavin analogues acting as efficient and substrate-selective photocatalysts in the oxidation of benzyl alcohol derivatives by oxygen , 1989 .

[235]  L. Lindqvist,et al.  The pH dependence of fluorescein fluorescence , 1975 .

[236]  J. Scaiano,et al.  Mechanistic insights and kinetic analysis for the oxidative hydroxylation of arylboronic acids by visible light photoredox catalysis: a metal-free alternative. , 2013, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[237]  V. Kouznetsov.  Recent synthetic developments in a powerful imino Diels–Alder reaction (Povarov reaction): application to the synthesis of N-polyheterocycles and related alkaloids , 2009 .

[238]  K. Shima,et al.  Direct photoamination of arenes with ammonia and primary amines in the presence of electron acceptors , 1987 .

[239]  Xian-Ming Pan,et al.  Oxidation of benzene by the OH radical. A product and pulse radiolysis study in oxygenated aqueous solution , 1993 .

[240]  Andrew J Boydston,et al.  Metal-free ring-opening metathesis polymerization. , 2015, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[241]  L. Domingo,et al.  Experimental and theoretical studies on the radical-cation-mediated imino-Diels-Alder reaction. , 2011, Organic letters.

[242]  F. Elisei,et al.  Competitive decay pathways of the radical ions formed by photoinduced electron transfer between quinones and 4,4'-dimethoxydiphenylmethane in acetonitrile. , 2001, Chemistry.

[243]  A. Gopalan,et al.  Polyene cyclizations using mercury (II) triflate-N,N-dimethylaniline complex - participation by internal nucleophiles , 1992 .

[244]  S. Greenfield,et al.  Ultrafast photoinduced charge-shift reactions in electron donor-acceptor 9-arylacridinium ions , 1994 .

[245]  V. Malatesta,et al.  Kinetic applications of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. XI. Aminium radicals , 1973 .

[246]  Jianzhang Zhao,et al.  Photoredox catalytic organic reactions promoted with broadband visible light-absorbing Bodipy-iodo-aza-Bodipy triad photocatalyst , 2014 .

[247]  T. Esch,et al.  Cycloaddition Reactions Initiated by Photochemically Excited Pyrylium Salts , 1993 .

[248]  A. Ledwith,et al.  Cation-radicals: metal-catalysed cyclodimerisation of aromatic enamines , 1969 .

[249]  R. H. Thomson,et al.  488. The oxidation of phenylhydrazine , 1957 .

[250]  G. Phillips,et al.  Role of sodium 9,10-anthraquinone-2-sulphonate in photo-oxidation reactions , 1969 .

[251]  D. Arnold,et al.  Photochemical nucleophile–olefin combination, aromatic substitution (photo-NOCAS) reaction, Part 12. Factors controlling the regiochemistry of the reaction with alcohol as the nucleophile , 1996 .

[252]  Arindam Mukhopadhyay,et al.  Excited-state properties of fluorenones: influence of substituents, solvent and macrocyclic encapsulation. , 2014, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[253]  J. Mattay,et al.  Photoinduced electron transfer (PET) in organic synthesis. [3 + 2]-type cycloaddition, cyclization and CC bond cleavage reactions , 1994 .

[254]  Long Zhang,et al.  Organic Photocatalytic Cyclization of Polyenes: A Visible-Light-Mediated Radical Cascade Approach. , 2015, Chemistry.

[255]  J. Mattay,et al.  Synthesis of cyclopropyl silyl ethers and their facile ring opening by photoinduced electron transfer as key step in radical/radical cationic cascade reactions , 2005 .

[256]  Takashi Hayashi,et al.  Electrochemical reactions mediated by vitamin B12 derivatives in organic solvents , 2000 .

[257]  P. G. Gassman,et al.  Anti-markovnikov addition of nucleophiles to a non-conjugated olefin via single electron transfer photochemistry , 1987 .

[258]  P. Taberna,et al.  Single electron transfer photoinduced oxidation of piperidine and pyrrolidine derivatives to the corresponding lactams , 2000 .

[259]  L. Brunsveld,et al.  Metal‐Free Photocatalytic Aerobic Oxidation of Thiols to Disulfides in Batch and Continuous‐Flow , 2015 .

[260]  Tomoya Takahashi,et al.  Contrastive photoreduction pathways of benzophenones governed by regiospecific deprotonation of imidazoline radical cations and additive effects. , 2005, The Journal of organic chemistry.

[261]  David A. Nicewicz,et al.  Mechanistic Insight into the Photoredox Catalysis of Anti-Markovnikov Alkene Hydrofunctionalization Reactions , 2014, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[262]  M. Neumann,et al.  Comparison of photoinduced electron transfer to singlet and triplet states of safranine T , 1991 .

[263]  T. D. Giacco,et al.  Rate and mechanism for the reaction of the nitrate radical with aromatic and alkylaromatic compounds in acetonitrile , 1987 .

[264]  Wei Xu,et al.  Substituent effects on amine cation radical acidity. Regiocontrol of .beta.-(aminoethyl)cyclohexenone photocyclizations , 1991 .

[265]  C. Kappe.  Recent advances in the Biginelli dihydropyrimidine synthesis. New tricks from an old dog. , 2000, Accounts of chemical research.

[266]  Guangbin Dong,et al.  Recent applications of arene diazonium salts in organic synthesis. , 2013, Organic & biomolecular chemistry.

[267]  David A. Nicewicz,et al.  anti-Markovnikov hydroamination of alkenes catalyzed by a two-component organic photoredox system: direct access to phenethylamine derivatives. , 2014, Angewandte Chemie.

[268]  F. D. Chattaway.  CXXII.—The oxidation of hydrazines by free oxygen , 1907 .

[269]  K. Zeitler,et al.  Metal-free, cooperative asymmetric organophotoredox catalysis with visible light. , 2011, Angewandte Chemie.

[270]  Durga Prasad Hari,et al.  Visible-light-mediated α-arylation of enol acetates using aryl diazonium salts. , 2012, The Journal of organic chemistry.

[271]  Angelo Albini,et al.  Photocatalysis. A multi-faceted concept for green chemistry. , 2009, Chemical Society reviews.

[272]  V. Kuzmin,et al.  One-electron photo-oxidation of inorganic anions by 9,10-anthraquinone-2,6-disulphonic acid in the triplet state , 1971 .

[273]  K. Loh,et al.  Graphene oxide and Rose Bengal: oxidative C–H functionalisation of tertiary amines using visible light , 2011 .

[274]  D. Arnold,et al.  Radical ions in photochemistry. 3. Photosensitized (electron transfer) cleavage of .beta.-phenethyl ethers , 1976 .

[275]  D. Neckers,et al.  Photochemistry of the Xanthene Dyes , 2007 .

[276]  D. MacMillan,et al.  Visible light photoredox catalysis with transition metal complexes: applications in organic synthesis. , 2013, Chemical reviews.

[277]  T. D. Giacco,et al.  C–S bond cleavage in the sensitized photooxygenation of tert-alkyl phenyl sulfides. The role of superoxide anion , 2006 .

[278]  P. G. Gassman,et al.  Photoinduced lactonization. A useful but mechanistically complex single electron transfer process , 1987 .

[279]  J. Kerr,et al.  Regioselective Reduction of NAD+ Models with [Cp*Rh(bpy)H]+ : Structure-Activity Relationships and Mechanistic Aspects in the Formation of the 1,4-NADH Derivatives. , 1999, Angewandte Chemie.

[280]  Rebecca L. Davis,et al.  Highly efficient aerobic oxidative hydroxylation of arylboronic acids: photoredox catalysis using visible light. , 2012, Angewandte Chemie.

[281]  F. Patureau,et al.  Oxidative C-H amination reactions. , 2014, Chemical Society reviews.

[282]  M. Demuth,et al.  Short Biomimetic Synthesis of a Steroid by Photoinduced Electron Transfer and Remote Asymmetric Induction , 1999 .

[283]  R. Lechner,et al.  Laboratory apparatus for the accurate, facile and rapid determination of visible light photoreaction quantum yields , 2010, Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology.

[284]  H. Sakuragi,et al.  Triplet-mediated electron transfer oxygenation of stilbene derivatives with 2,4,6-triphenylpyrylium tetrafluoroborate , 1991 .

[285]  Nathan S Lewis,et al.  Electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution by cobalt difluoroboryl-diglyoximate complexes. , 2005, Chemical communications.

[286]  F. Pragst,et al.  Electrochemistry of pyrylium compounds—II[1]. Structural effects on the voltammetric behavior in acetonitrile , 1980 .

[287]  M. Akita,et al.  Visible-light-induced hydroalkoxymethylation of electron-deficient alkenes by photoredox catalysis. , 2013, Chemical communications.

[288]  J. Mattay,et al.  RADICAL-CATION [3+2] CYCLOADDITIONS OF 2H-AZIRINES - MECHANISTIC STUDIES CONCERNING THE INTERMEDIATE RADICAL-CATION , 1993 .

[289]  Miguel A Miranda,et al.  DFT study on the molecular mechanism of the [4 + 2] cycloaddition between thiobenzophenone and arylalkenes via radical cations. , 2009, The journal of physical chemistry. A.

[290]  H. Gray,et al.  Hydrogen evolution catalyzed by cobaloximes. , 2009, Accounts of chemical research.

[291]  Isamu Akasaki,et al.  Nobel Lecture: Fascinated journeys into blue light , 2015 .

[292]  Zheng Liu,et al.  Photoredox Removal of p‐Methoxybenzyl Ether Protecting Group with Hydrogen Peroxide as Terminal Oxidant , 2015 .

[293]  D. Falvey,et al.  Photorelease of carboxylic acids, amino acids, and phosphates from N-alkylpicolinium esters using photosensitization by high wavelength laser dyes. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[294]  Rao,et al.  PhSeSiR(3)-Catalyzed Group Transfer Radical Reactions. , 2000, The Journal of organic chemistry.

[295]  Ronghua Zhang,et al.  Eosin Y-catalyzed visible-light-mediated aerobic oxidative cyclization of N,N-dimethylanilines with maleimides , 2015, Beilstein journal of organic chemistry.

[296]  K. Ohkubo,et al.  Photocatalytic oxygenation of anthracenes and olefins with dioxygen via selective radical coupling using 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium ion as an effective electron-transfer photocatalyst. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[297]  Ekehardt Vogelmann,et al.  REACTIVITY OF ACRIDINE DYE TRIPLET STATES IN ELECTRON TRANSFER REACTIONS , 1979 .

[298]  Bernd Mühldorf,et al.  C-H Photooxygenation of Alkyl Benzenes Catalyzed by Riboflavin Tetraacetate and a Non-Heme Iron Catalyst. , 2016, Angewandte Chemie.

[299]  K. Ohkubo,et al.  Direct oxygenation of benzene to phenol using quinolinium ions as homogeneous photocatalysts. , 2011, Angewandte Chemie.

[300]  K. Daasbjerg,et al.  Substituent effects on the oxidation and reduction potentials of phenylthiyl radicals in acetonitrile. , 2001, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[301]  S. Fukuzumi,et al.  Regioselective reduction of 1-methylquinolium ions by tributyltin hydride and tris(trimethylsilyl)silane via photoinduced electron transfer , 1994 .

[302]  D. MacMillan,et al.  Decarboxylative Fluorination of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids via Photoredox Catalysis. , 2015, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[303]  A. Griesbeck,et al.  REGIO- AND DIASTEREOSELECTIVE FORMATION OF 1,2-AZIDOHYDROPEROXIDES BY PHOTOOXYGENATION OF ALKENES IN THE PRESENCE OF AZIDE ANIONS , 1996 .

[304]  B. Langlois,et al.  “Pseudo-cationic” trifluoromethylation of enol esters with sodium trifluoromethanesulfinate. , 1992 .

[305]  M. Jiménez,et al.  Hetero-cycloreversions mediated by photoinduced electron transfer. , 2014, Accounts of chemical research.

[306]  Jianzhang Zhao,et al.  Iodo-Bodipys as visible-light-absorbing dual-functional photoredox catalysts for preparation of highly functionalized organic compounds by formation of C–C bonds via reductive and oxidative quenching catalytic mechanisms , 2013 .

[307]  Ram Awatar Maurya,et al.  Visible-light photoredox catalysis: direct synthesis of fused β-carbolines through an oxidation/[3 + 2] cycloaddition/oxidative aromatization reaction cascade in batch and flow microreactors , 2015 .

[308]  Wen-Jing Xiao,et al.  Visible-light photoredox catalysis. , 2012, Angewandte Chemie.

[309]  K. Matyjaszewski,et al.  Photoinduced Metal-Free Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Acrylonitrile. , 2015, ACS macro letters.

[310]  M. D. Johnson,et al.  239. N-substituted heterocyclic cations. Part V. The use of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the solution of some classical structural problems , 1965 .

[311]  G. Zang,et al.  Comparative study of the pyrolysis, photoinduced electron transfer (PET), and laser-jet and 185-nm photochemistry of alkyl-substituted bicyclic azoalkanes , 1992 .

[312]  S. Hayashi,et al.  Radical addition to acrylonitrile via catalytic photochemical decarboxylation of aliphatic carboxylic acids , 2013 .

[313]  V. Korobov,et al.  Triplet state of rhodamine dyes and its role in production of intermediates , 1977 .

[314]  F. Elisei,et al.  Electron transfer and singlet oxygen mechanisms in the photooxygenation of dibutyl sulfide and thioanisole in MeCN sensitized by N-methylquinolinium tetrafluoborate and 9,10-dicyanoanthracene. The probable involvement of a thiadioxirane intermediate in electron transfer photooxygenations. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[315]  E. Shirakawa,et al.  Iron-catalyzed oxidative coupling of arylboronic acids with benzene derivatives through homolytic aromatic substitution. , 2011, Chemical communications.

[316]  Jinxing Ye,et al.  Transition-metal-free visible-light photoredox catalysis at room-temperature for decarboxylative fluorination of aliphatic carboxylic acids by organic dyes. , 2015, Chemical communications.

[317]  L. Arnaut,et al.  Does Molecular Size Matter in Photoinduced Electron Transfer Reactions , 2000 .

[318]  Wei Zhang,et al.  Photochemically catalyzed Diels–Alder reaction of arylimines with N-vinylpyrrolidinone and N-vinylcarbazole by 2,4,6-triphenylpyrylium salt: synthesis of 4-heterocycle-substituted tetrahydroquinoline derivatives , 2005 .

[319]  D. Tanner,et al.  Reduction of .alpha.-halo ketones by organotin hydrides. An electron-transfer-hydrogen atom abstraction mechanism , 1986 .

[320]  Jin‐Pei Cheng,et al.  Radical-cation acidities in solution and in the gas phase , 1989 .

[321]  T. Zimmermann,et al.  Einelektronenübertragung von Alkoholationen auf 2,4,6‐Triphenyl‐pyrylium‐ und ‐thiopyryliumkationen , 2010 .

[322]  I. Gould,et al.  Efficiencies of photoinduced electron-transfer reactions: role of the Marcus inverted region in return electron transfer within geminate radical-ion pairs , 1990 .

[323]  G. Weber,et al.  Determination of the absolute quantum yield of fluorescent solutions , 1957 .

[324]  Daniel E. Falvey,et al.  Protecting Groups That Can Be Removed through Photochemical Electron Transfer: Mechanistic and Product Studies on Photosensitized Release of Carboxylates from Phenacyl Esters , 1997 .

[325]  David A. Nicewicz,et al.  Hydrodecarboxylation of Carboxylic and Malonic Acid Derivatives via Organic Photoredox Catalysis: Substrate Scope and Mechanistic Insight. , 2015, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[326]  S. Lebedkin,et al.  Dye-sensitized chemiluminescence of luminol and related cyclic hydrazides , 1992 .

[327]  Dariusz Witt,et al.  Recent Developments in Disulfide Bond Formation , 2008 .

[328]  Durga Prasad Hari,et al.  Photocatalytic Arylation of Alkenes, Alkynes and Enones with Diazonium Salts , 2012, ChemistryOpen.

[329]  Saul G. Cohen,et al.  Rate constants of interaction of benzophenone triplet with amines , 1970 .

[330]  M. Schmittel,et al.  Understanding Reactivity Patterns of Radical Cations , 1997 .

[331]  K. Ingold,et al.  Spectroscopic and kinetic characteristics of aroyloxyl radicals. 2. Benzoyloxyl and ring-substituted aroyloxyl radicals , 1988 .

[332]  L. Yadav,et al.  Visible-light-mediated eosin Y catalyzed aerobic desulfurization of thioamides into amides , 2013 .

[333]  T. Eisenhart,et al.  Photo-induced proton-coupled electron transfer reactions of acridine orange: comprehensive spectral and kinetics analysis. , 2014, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[334]  M. Klapper,et al.  Redox potentials of the azide and dithiocyanate radicals , 1990 .

[335]  E. Vauthey,et al.  Bimolecular photoinduced electron transfer beyond the diffusion limit: the Rehm-Weller experiment revisited with femtosecond time resolution. , 2014, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[336]  Yong Hae Kim,et al.  Facile Synthesis of 2-Substituted Aminobenzoxazole. One Pot Cyclodesulfurization of N-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-N′-phenylthioureas with Superoxide Radical Anion , 1986 .

[337]  J. A. Rincón,et al.  A continuous-flow protocol for light-induced benzylic fluorinations. , 2014, The Journal of organic chemistry.

[338]  J. P. Dinnocenzo,et al.  Deprotonation of tertiary amine cation radicals. A direct experimental approach , 1989 .

[339]  D. Kearns,et al.  TRIPLET STATES OF SOME COMMON PHOTOSENSITIZING DYES * , 1969, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[340]  Ł. Woźniak,et al.  Photo-organocatalytic Enantioselective Perfluoroalkylation of β-Ketoesters , 2015, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[341]  E. Land,et al.  Triplet-triplet extinction coefficients via energy transfer , 1971 .

[342]  N. Allen,et al.  The photochemistry of commercial polyamides , 1978 .

[343]  U. Wille,et al.  Diastereoselective formation of anellated tetrahydrofurans using a nitrate radical induced oxidative, self-terminating radical cyclization cascade , 1999 .

[344]  T. Poisson,et al.  Visible light mediated azomethine ylide formation-photoredox catalyzed [3+2] cycloadditions. , 2011, Chemical communications.

[345]  David A. Nicewicz,et al.  Anti-Markovnikov hydroamination of alkenes catalyzed by an organic photoredox system. , 2013, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[346]  E. Vauthey,et al.  Time-Resolved Magnetic Field Effects Distinguish Loose Ion Pairs from Exciplexes , 2013, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[347]  R. Wightman,et al.  Rapid cleavage reactions of haloaromatic radical anions measured with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry , 1989 .

[348]  Choon‐Hong Tan,et al.  Selective Bromination of sp3 C ? H Bonds by Organophotoredox Catalysis , 2014 .

[349]  Y. Takemoto,et al.  Direct Photoinduced Electron Transfer from Excited State of Rhodamine B for Carbon-Radical Generation , 2014, Synlett.

[350]  J. Fouassier,et al.  Excited states of ketones as electron donors—ketone—iodonium salt systems as photoinitiators for radical polymerization , 1990 .

[351]  S. Fukuzumi,et al.  Mechanisms of reductive methylation of NAD+ analogues by a trans-dimethylcobalt(III) complex , 1991 .

[352]  D. Mangion,et al.  Photosensitized (electron-transfer) deconjugation of 1-arylcyclohexenes. , 2001, Organic letters.

[353]  P. Floreancig,et al.  Aerobic organocatalytic photoinitiated arene oxidations: application to electron transfer initiated cyclization reactions. , 2001, Organic letters.

[354]  Motonori Watanabe,et al.  Phenothiazine derivatives as organic sensitizers for highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells , 2012 .

[355]  I. Gould,et al.  NUCLEOPHILE-ASSISTED CLEAVAGE OF BENZYLTRIALKYLSILANE CATION RADICALS , 1997 .

[356]  P. Ramamurthy,et al.  Excited Singlet State Reactions of Thiopyrylium with Electron Donors: Electron Transfer, Induction of Triplet by Internal and External Heavy Atom Effect, and Comparison of Pyrylium and Thiopyrylium Reactions , 1998 .

[357]  F. Radner,et al.  Making radical cations live longer , 1997 .

[358]  F. Wilkinson.  TRANSFER OF TRIPLET STATE ENERGY AND THE CHEMISTRY OF EXCITED STATES , 1962 .

[359]  Choon‐Hong Tan,et al.  Organic dye photocatalyzed α-oxyamination through irradiation with visible light , 2010 .

[360]  Y. Hisaeda,et al.  Eco-friendly molecular transformations catalyzed by a vitamin B12 derivative with a visible-light-driven system , 2011 .

[361]  J. Dannenberg,et al.  Oxidation potentials of α-aminoalkyl radicals: bond dissociation energies for related radical cations , 1986 .

[362]  David A. Nicewicz,et al.  Site-selective arene C-H amination via photoredox catalysis , 2015, Science.

[363]  M. Májek,et al.  Organocatalytic visible light mediated synthesis of aryl sulfides. , 2013, Chemical communications.

[364]  Huajian Xu,et al.  Photocatalytic oxidation of primary and secondary benzyl alcohol catalyzed by two coenzyme NAD+ models , 2007 .

[365]  S. Farid,et al.  Bimolecular electron transfers that follow a Sandros-Boltzmann dependence on free energy. , 2011, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[366]  B. Liu,et al.  Cross-coupling hydrogen evolution reaction in homogeneous solution without noble metals. , 2014, Organic letters.

[367]  K. Ohkubo,et al.  Response: Why had long-lived electron-transfer states of donor-substituted 10-methylacridinium ions been overlooked? Formation of the dimer radical cations detected in the near-IR region. , 2008, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[368]  M. Miranda,et al.  Photoinduced electron-transfer cycloreversion of thietanes: the role of ion-molecule complexes. , 2010, Organic letters.

[369]  K. Chiba,et al.  Electrochemical enol ether/olefin cross-metathesis in a lithium perchlorate/nitromethane electrolyte solution. , 2006, Angewandte Chemie.

[370]  H. Sugihara,et al.  Transfer hydrogenation of a variety of ketones catalyzed by rhodium complexes in aqueous solution and their application to asymmetric reduction using chiral Schiff base ligands , 2003 .

[371]  K. Shima,et al.  Photoinduced nucleophilic addition of ammonia and alkylamines to aryl-substituted alkenes in the presence of p-dicyanobenzene , 1991 .

[372]  A. Meyers,et al.  Total synthesis of camptothecin and desethyldesoxycamptothecin , 1973 .

[373]  A. I. Krasna.  PROFLAVIN CATALYZED PHOTOPRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN FROM ORGANIC COMPOUNDS , 1979 .

[374]  M. Médebielle,et al.  Trifluoromethylation Reactions with Potassium Trifluoromethanesulfinate under Electrochemical Oxidation , 2002 .

[375]  R. Ziessel,et al.  Synthesis and molecular structure of a new family of iridium-(III) and rhodium(III) complexes: [(η5-Me5C5)Ir(LL)X]+ and [(η5-Me5C5)Rh(LL)Cl]+; LL = 2,2′-bipyridine or 1,10-phenanthroline; X = Cl or H. Single crystal structures of [(η5-Me5C5)Ir(bpy)Cl]Cl and [(η5-Me5C5)Rh(phen)Cl]ClO4 , 1989 .

[376]  Lei Zhou,et al.  Phenanthrene Synthesis by Eosin Y‐Catalyzed, Visible Light‐ Induced [4+2] Benzannulation of Biaryldiazonium Salts with Alkynes , 2012 .

[377]  J. Mattay,et al.  Green photochemistry: solar photooxygenations with medium concentrated sunlight , 2005 .

[378]  J. Kochi,et al.  Strong electronic coupling in intermolecular (charge-transfer) complexes. Mechanistic relevance to thermal and optical electron transfer from aromatic donors , 2002 .

[379]  Claire Ceballos,et al.  Visible light photoredox organocatalysis: a fully transition metal-free direct asymmetric α-alkylation of aldehydes , 2012 .

[380]  A. Balaban,et al.  One-electron reduction of pyrylium salts , 1964 .

[381]  H. Timpe,et al.  Photoreduction of some dyes by styrene , 1992 .

[382]  D. Witt.  Recent Developments in DisulfideBond Formation , 2008 .

[383]  Durga Prasad Hari,et al.  Eosin Y catalyzed visible light oxidative C-C and C-P bond formation. , 2011, Organic letters.

[384]  O. Soppera,et al.  Enhancement of the Two-Photon Initiating Efficiency of a Thioxanthone Derivative through a Chevron-Shaped Architecture , 2011 .

[385]  H. Timpe,et al.  Light-induced polymer and polymerization reactions XXXIII: direct photoinitiation of methyl methacrylate polymerization by excited states of ketones , 1989 .

[386]  M. O. Wolf,et al.  Direct C-F bond formation using photoredox catalysis. , 2014, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[387]  Andreas Herrmann,et al.  Electrochemistry, Spectroscopy and Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of Perylene, Terrylene, and Quaterrylene Diimides in Aprotic Solution , 1999 .

[388]  Andrew J Boydston,et al.  Metal-Free Preparation of Linear and Cross-Linked Polydicyclopentadiene. , 2015, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[389]  S. Farid,et al.  Reexamination of the Rehm-Weller data set reveals electron transfer quenching that follows a Sandros-Boltzmann dependence on free energy. , 2011, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[390]  M. A. Ischay,et al.  Accessing the Synthetic Chemistry of Radical Ions , 2012 .

[391]  R. Ananthakrishnan,et al.  Metal-free-photocatalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol by resin-supported dye under the visible irradiation , 2011 .

[392]  K. Ohkubo,et al.  Formation of a long-lived electron-transfer state of a naphthalene-quinolinium ion dyad and the pi-dimer radical cation. , 2012, Faraday discussions.

[393]  J. Kochi,et al.  Nucleophilic addition versus electron transfer in carbonylmetallate salts. Donor–acceptor interactions in the precursor ion pairs , 1997 .

[394]  G. Wei,et al.  Dicyanopyrazine-derived push–pull chromophores for highly efficient photoredox catalysis , 2014 .

[395]  C. Hawker,et al.  Metal-free atom transfer radical polymerization. , 2014, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[396]  B. König,et al.  Reduction of aryl halides by consecutive visible light-induced electron transfer processes , 2014, Science.

[397]  D. Arnold,et al.  Radical Ions in Photochemistry; 11. The Photosensitized (Electron Transfer) Preparation of Some 2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl Ethers , 1979 .

[398]  S. R. Hartman,et al.  Mode-Locked Lasers: Measurements of Very Fast Radiative Decay in Fluorescent Systems , 1969, Science.

[399]  D. Griller,et al.  THERMOCHEMISTRY OF α-AMINOALKYL RADICALS , 1981 .

[400]  Jianhui Liu,et al.  p‐Quinoid Compounds by Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution with Hydride as Leaving Group , 2007 .

[401]  J. Mattay,et al.  A New Synthesis for Imidazolo‐ and Pyrrolophanes by [3+2]Cycloaddition with Azaallenyl Radical Cations , 1992 .

[402]  U. Pathak,et al.  Hydrogen peroxide mediated efficient amidation and esterification of aldehydes: Scope and selectivity , 2011 .

[403]  D. Walker,et al.  2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone and its reactions. , 1967, Chemical reviews.

[404]  M. Tilset,et al.  Facile proton transfer reactions of N,N-dimethylaniline cation radicals , 1991 .

[405]  J. Fouassier,et al.  Fluorescence properties of pyrylium and thiopyrylium salts , 1995 .

[406]  Ryan Gilmour,et al.  One Photocatalyst, n Activation Modes Strategy for Cascade Catalysis: Emulating Coumarin Biosynthesis with (-)-Riboflavin. , 2016, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[407]  L. Rosenberg.  Chemical basis for the histological use of safranin O in the study of articular cartilage. , 1971, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[408]  D. Neckers,et al.  Bleaching products of rose bengal under reducing conditions , 1987 .

[409]  Durga Prasad Hari,et al.  Metal-free, visible-light-mediated direct C-H arylation of heteroarenes with aryl diazonium salts. , 2012, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[410]  P. Melchiorre,et al.  Metal-free photochemical aromatic perfluoroalkylation of α-cyano arylacetates. , 2014, Angewandte Chemie.

[411]  Jianzhang Zhao,et al.  Triplet photosensitizers: from molecular design to applications. , 2013, Chemical Society reviews.

[412]  Jian Yu,et al.  Metal‐Free, Visible Light‐Induced Borylation of Aryldiazonium Salts: A Simple and Green Synthetic Route to Arylboronates , 2012 .

[413]  L. Yadav,et al.  Visible light organophotoredox catalysis: a general approach to β-keto sulfoxidation of alkenes , 2014 .

[414]  E. Hayon,et al.  Redox potentials of free radicals. I. Simple organic radicals , 1974 .

[415]  D. Tantillo.  Biosynthesis via carbocations: theoretical studies on terpene formation. , 2011, Natural product reports.

[416]  David A. Nicewicz,et al.  Cyclization–endoperoxidation cascade reactions of dienes mediated by a pyrylium photoredox catalyst , 2014, Beilstein journal of organic chemistry.

[417]  K. Ohkubo,et al.  Selective photocatalytic aerobic bromination with hydrogen bromide via an electron-transfer state of 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium ion† , 2011 .

[418]  Melanie S Sanford,et al.  Palladium-catalyzed ligand-directed C-H functionalization reactions. , 2010, Chemical reviews.

[419]  G. Zou,et al.  Selective trifluoromethylation and alkynylation of tetrahydroisoquinolines using visible light irradiation by Rose Bengal , 2012 .

[420]  Chuo Chen,et al.  Visible light-promoted metal-free C-H activation: diarylketone-catalyzed selective benzylic mono- and difluorination. , 2013, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[421]  W. Adam,et al.  The Schenck Ene Reaction: Diastereoselective Oxyfunctionalization with Singlet Oxygen in Synthetic Applications†‡ , 1996 .

[422]  S. Fukuzumi,et al.  Photocatalytic reduction of phenacyl halides by 9,10-dihydro-10-methylacridine: control between the reductive and oxidative quenching pathways of tris(bipyridine)ruthenium complex utilizing an acid catalysis , 1990 .

[423]  Shunji Kato,et al.  Studies of the Transient Intermediates in the Photoreduction of Methylene Blue , 1964 .

[424]  W. Xiao,et al.  Visible-light-induced oxidation/[3+2] cycloaddition/oxidative aromatization sequence: a photocatalytic strategy to construct pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines. , 2011, Angewandte Chemie.

[425]  J. Hurley,et al.  Laser and microsecond flash photolysis of 2-substituted anthraquinones and photochemical cross-linking of nylon 6,6 polymer , 1992 .

[426]  D. Mangion,et al.  Photochemical nucleophile-olefin combination, aromatic substitution reaction. Its synthetic development and mechanistic exploration. , 2002, Accounts of chemical research.

[427]  D. Dondi,et al.  Photomediated synthesis of β-alkylketones from cycloalkanes , 2006 .

[428]  Yoshihiro Miyake,et al.  Visible-light-mediated utilization of α-aminoalkyl radicals: addition to electron-deficient alkenes using photoredox catalysts. , 2012, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[429]  A. Ledwith,et al.  Photochemical 2 + 2 cycloaddition via a cation-radical chain reaction , 1970 .

[430]  R. Eldik,et al.  Regio‐ and Stereoselective Cyclization Reactions of Unsaturated Silyl Enol Ethers by Photoinduced Electron Transfer – Mechanistic Aspects and Synthetic Approach , 1998 .

[431]  C. Kappe,et al.  A continuous-flow protocol for light-induced benzylic fluorinations. , 2014, The Journal of organic chemistry.

[432]  B. König,et al.  Visible light photooxidation of nitrate: the dawn of a nocturnal radical. , 2015, Chemical communications.

[433]  J. Kochi.  The Mechanism of the Sandmeyer and Meerwein Reactions , 1957 .

[434]  Koichiro Tanaka,et al.  Photosensitized intramolecular cyclization of furan and non-activated alkene: pathway switching by the substituent on the furan ring , 2010 .

[435]  Prashant V. Kamat,et al.  Photochemistry of 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride dyes. 3. Singlet and triplet excited-state properties of the bis(2,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)imide derivative , 1987 .

[436]  W. Markownikoff,et al.  I. Ueber die Abhängigkeit der verschiedenen Vertretbarkeit des Radicalwasserstoffs in den isomeren Buttersäuren , 1870 .

[437]  M. Demuth,et al.  Cyclization of Terpenoid Dicarbonitrile Polyalkenes upon Photoinduced Electron Transfer to 1,4-Dicyano-2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzene and Other Cyanoarenes , 1997 .

[438]  M. Rodgers,et al.  LASER FLASH PHOTOKINETIC STUDIES OF ROSE BENGAL SENSITIZED PHOTODYNAMIC INTERACTIONS OF NUCLEOTIDES AND DNA , 1987, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[439]  J. Mattay,et al.  Facile ring opening of siloxy cyclopropanes by photoinduced electron transfer. A new way to β-keto radicals , 2006 .

[440]  R. Turncliff,et al.  Exceptionally high decarboxylation rate of a primary aliphatic acyloxy radical determined by radical product yield analysis and quantitative 1H‐CIDNP spectroscopy , 2011 .

[441]  J. Kochi,et al.  Continuum of outer- and inner-sphere mechanisms for organic electron transfer. Steric modulation of the precursor complex in paramagnetic (ion-radical) self-exchanges. , 2007, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[442]  M. Rodgers,et al.  Singlet molecular oxygen , 1981 .

[443]  J. Verhoeven,et al.  Long-lived charge-transfer states in 9-aryl-acridinium ions; a critical reinvestigation , 2005 .

[444]  M. Miranda,et al.  Novel [4+2] cycloaddition between thiobenzophenone and aryl-substituted alkenes via photoinduced electron transfer. , 2007, Organic Letters.

[445]  A. Lei,et al.  Synthetic applications of photoredox catalysis with visible light. , 2013, Organic & biomolecular chemistry.

[446]  David A. Nicewicz,et al.  Amide and amine nucleophiles in polar radical crossover cycloadditions: synthesis of γ-lactams and pyrrolidines. , 2015, Organic letters.

[447]  J. Kochi.  Charge-transfer excitation of molecular complexes in organic and organometallic chemistry , 1991 .

[448]  A. Nicholas,et al.  Thermochemical parameters for organic radicals and radical ions. Part 1. The estimation of the pKa of radical cations based on thermochemical calculations , 1982 .

[449]  J. N. Johnston,et al.  A case study in biomimetic total synthesis: polyolefin carbocyclizations to terpenes and steroids. , 2005, Chemical reviews.

[450]  R. Loutfy,et al.  Correlations between the electrochemical and spectroscopic behavior of some benzophenones and thiobenzophenones , 1972 .

[451]  Lin Yuan,et al.  A unique class of near-infrared functional fluorescent dyes with carboxylic-acid-modulated fluorescence ON/OFF switching: rational design, synthesis, optical properties, theoretical calculations, and applications for fluorescence imaging in living animals. , 2012, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[452]  M. Oda,et al.  A new and practical method of decarboxylation: photosensitized decarboxylation of N-acyloxyphthalimides via electron-transfer mechanism , 1988 .

[453]  G. Pandey,et al.  Photoinduced electron transfer (PET) promoted cross-coupling of organoselenium and organosilicon compounds: a new Carbon–Carbon bond formation strategy , 1994 .

[454]  J. Mattay,et al.  3+2 CYCLOADDITIONS WITH AZIRINE RADICAL CATIONS : A NEW SYNTHESIS OF N-SUBSTITUTED IMIDAZOLES , 1991 .

[455]  Z. Zuo,et al.  Carboxylic Acids as A Traceless Activation Group for Conjugate Additions: A Three-Step Synthesis of (±)-Pregabalin , 2014, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[456]  J. Verhoeven,et al.  Illumination of the 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium ion does not give a long-lived photoredox state. , 2005, Chemical communications.

[457]  I. Gould,et al.  Dynamics of Bimolecular Photoinduced Electron-Transfer Reactions , 1996 .

[458]  A. Pace,et al.  Advances in Singlet Oxygen Chemistry , 2005 .

[459]  K. Yoshihara,et al.  Photophysics and photochemistry of sulphonated derivatives of 9,10-anthraquinone. Strong versus weak sensitisers , 1987 .

[460]  A. Kellmann.  A FLASH PHOTOLYSIS STUDY OF THE TRIPLET STATE OF ACRIDINE ORANGE IN BASIC SOLVENTS , 1971 .

[461]  M. Miranda,et al.  Steady-state and time-resolved studies on oxetane cycloreversion using (thia)pyrylium salts as electron-transfer photosensitizers. , 2001, Organic letters.

[462]  B. Nordén,et al.  Ground- and Excited-State Properties of Molecular Complexes between Adenine and 2,7-Diazapyrene and Its N-Methylated Cations , 1997 .

[463]  A. Albini,et al.  Radical ions in photochemistry. 6. The photosensitized (electron transfer) ring opening of aryloxiranes , 1978 .

[464]  C. Foote,et al.  Electron-transfer photooxygenation. 5. Oxidation of phenyl-substituted alkenes sensitized by cyanoanthracenes , 1980 .

[465]  D. Arnold,et al.  The photochemical nucleophile–olefin combination, aromatic substitution (photo-NOCAS) reaction. Part 5: methanol–monoterpenes (α- and β-pinene, tricyclene, and nopol), 1,4-dicyanobenzene , 1994 .

[466]  Jeremiah A. Johnson,et al.  Visible-Light-Controlled Living Radical Polymerization from a Trithiocarbonate Iniferter Mediated by an Organic Photoredox Catalyst. , 2015, ACS macro letters.

[467]  Megan A. Cismesia,et al.  Characterizing chain processes in visible light photoredox catalysis , 2015, Chemical science.

[468]  K. Ohkubo,et al.  Solvent-free selective photocatalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde by molecular oxygen using 9-phenyl-10-methylacridinium. , 2006, Chemical communications.

[469]  Lal Dhar S. Yadav,et al.  Eosin Y Catalyzed Visible-Light-Driven Aerobic Oxidative Cyclization of Thioamides to 1,2,4-Thiadiazoles , 2013 .

[470]  Igor D. Jurberg,et al.  Enantioselective organocatalytic alkylation of aldehydes and enals driven by the direct photoexcitation of enamines. , 2015, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[471]  P. Mariano,et al.  Dynamics of .alpha.-CH Deprotonation and .alpha.-Desilylation Reactions of Tertiary Amine Cation Radicals , 1994 .

[472]  Corrine F. Elliott,et al.  The fate of phenothiazine-based redox shuttles in lithium-ion batteries. , 2015, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[473]  M. Médebielle,et al.  Catalytic hydrotrifluoromethylation of unactivated alkenes. , 2013, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[474]  C. Afonso,et al.  Synthesis and applications of Rhodamine derivatives as fluorescent probes. , 2009, Chemical Society reviews.

[475]  Durga Prasad Hari,et al.  Visible light photocatalytic synthesis of benzothiophenes. , 2012, Organic letters.

[476]  K. Ohkubo,et al.  Simultaneous production of p-tolualdehyde and hydrogen peroxide in photocatalytic oxygenation of p-xylene and reduction of oxygen with 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium ion derivatives. , 2010, Chemical communications.

[477]  F. Pragst,et al.  Zur Elektrochemie von Pyryliumverbindungen. I. Kathodische Dimerisierung von 2,6‐Diphenylpyryliumperchlorat , 1977 .

[478]  P. G. Gassman,et al.  Use of sterically hindered sensitizers for improved photoinduced electron-transfer reactions , 1991 .

[479]  N. Turro,et al.  Photosensitization by reversible electron transfer: theories, experimental evidence, and examples , 1986 .

[480]  E. Steckhan,et al.  Photochemically Initiated, Electron-Transfer-Catalyzed Diels-Alder Reactions of Electron-Rich Dienophiles† , 1985 .

[481]  U. Wille,et al.  Nitrate Radical Induced Oxidative, Self-terminating Radical Cyclization Cascades: Improvement of Yield Using a Photochemical Radical Source , 2001 .

[482]  David A. Nicewicz,et al.  The direct anti-Markovnikov addition of mineral acids to styrenes. , 2014, Nature chemistry.

[483]  W. S. Johnson,et al.  Biomimetic polyene cyclizations. , 1976, Angewandte Chemie.

[484]  K. Ohkubo,et al.  Long-lived charge separation and applications in artificial photosynthesis. , 2014, Accounts of chemical research.

[485]  S. Grimme,et al.  Catalytic enantioselective reactions driven by photoinduced electron transfer , 2005, Nature.

[486]  Q. Guo,et al.  Quantum-chemical predictions of absolute standard redox potentials of diverse organic molecules and free radicals in acetonitrile. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[487]  D. Rehm,et al.  Kinetics of Fluorescence Quenching by Electron and H‐Atom Transfer , 1970 .

[488]  J. Kochi,et al.  Fresh look at electron-transfer mechanisms via the donor/acceptor bindings in the critical encounter complex. , 2008, Accounts of chemical research.

[489]  Photochemical Reactions of Aromatic Compounds. XXXIII. Photoreactions of 1-Cyanonaphthalene with Indene in Various Solvents , 1980 .

[490]  W. M. Weaver,et al.  A NEW AND SELECTIVE METHOD OF OXIDATION , 1957 .

[491]  N. Kornblum,et al.  A NEW AND SELECTIVE METHOD OF OXIDATION. THE CONVERSION OF ALKYL HALIDES AND ALKYL TOSYLATES TO ALDEHYDES , 1959 .

[492]  A. Griesbeck,et al.  Azide/oxygen photocatalysis with homogeneous and heterogeneous photocatalysts for 1,2-aminohydroxylation of acyclic/cyclic alkenes and Michael acceptors , 2012, Research on Chemical Intermediates.

[493]  Lei Wang,et al.  Visible-light initiated oxidative cyclization of phenyl propiolates with sulfinic acids to coumarin derivatives under metal-free conditions. , 2015, Chemical communications.

[494]  L. Yadav,et al.  Visible-light-mediated efficient conversion of aldoximes and primary amides into nitriles , 2014 .

[495]  J. M. Morris,et al.  Picosecond Fluorescence Studies of Xanthene Dyes , 1977 .

[496]  A. Ledwith.  Cation radicals in electron transfer reactions , 1972 .

[497]  A. Nishida,et al.  Selective removal of electron-accepting p-toluene- and naphthalenesulfonyl protecting groups for amino function via photoinduced donor acceptor ion pairs with electron-donating aromatics , 1986 .

[498]  Robert A. Schoonheydt,et al.  Visible Spectroscopy of Methylene Blue on Hectorite, Laponite B, and Barasym in Aqueous Suspension , 1988 .

[499]  Wei Guo,et al.  Metal-Free, room-temperature, radical alkoxycarbonylation of aryldiazonium salts through visible-light photoredox catalysis. , 2015, Angewandte Chemie.

[500]  K. Ohkubo,et al.  Oxygenation and chlorination of aromatic hydrocarbons with hydrochloric acid photosensitized by 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium under visible light irradiation , 2012, Research on Chemical Intermediates.

[501]  Bin Chen,et al.  Activation of CH Bonds through Oxidant-Free Photoredox Catalysis: Cross-Coupling Hydrogen-Evolution Transformation of Isochromans and β-Keto Esters. , 2015, Chemistry.

[502]  Tehshik P Yoon,et al.  Visible-light sensitization of vinyl azides by transition-metal photocatalysis. , 2014, Angewandte Chemie.

[503]  A. Nishida,et al.  Hydrolysis of tosyl esters initiated by an electron transfer from photoexcited electron-rich aromatic compounds , 1988 .

[504]  K. Ohkubo,et al.  Photoalkylation of 10-alkylacridinium ion via a charge-shift type of photoinduced electron transfer controlled by solvent polarity. , 2001, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[505]  K. Ohkubo,et al.  Electron-transfer state of 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium ion with a much longer lifetime and higher energy than that of the natural photosynthetic reaction center. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[506]  L. Domingo,et al.  Oxetane ring enlargement through nucleophilic trapping of radical cations by acetonitrile. , 2012, Organic letters.

[507]  C. Tung,et al.  Reactivity and mechanistic insight into visible-light-induced aerobic cross-dehydrogenative coupling reaction by organophotocatalysts. , 2012, Chemistry.

[508]  H. Görner.  Photoreactions of p-Quinones with Dimethyl Sulfide and Dimethyl Sulfoxide in Aqueous Acetonitrile† , 2006, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[509]  M. Workentin,et al.  Azidyl Radical Reactivity. N6.bul.- as a Kinetic Probe for the Addition Reactions of Azidyl Radicals with Olefins , 1995 .

[510]  I. Kadija.  Measurements of the Steady‐State Activation Overpotential of Chlorine Evolving Electrodes , 1984 .

[511]  Yoshinori Yamamoto,et al.  Ytterbium triisopropoxide catalysed ring opening of epoxides with trimethylsilyl azide , 1995 .

[512]  S. Niizuma,et al.  Pyranyl Radicals and Their Dimers , 1989 .

[513]  A. Kellmann.  PRIMARY PHOTOCHEMICAL PROCESSES OF CATIONIC ACRIDINE ORANGE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION STUDIED BY FLASH PHOTOLYSIS , 1974 .

[514]  K. Ohkubo,et al.  Photocatalytic monofluorination of benzene by fluoride via photoinduced electron transfer with 3-cyano-1-methylquinolinium. , 2013, The journal of physical chemistry. A.

[515]  O. Lanzalunga,et al.  Photosensitized oxidation of alkyl phenyl sulfoxides. C-S bond cleavage in alkyl phenyl sulfoxide radical cations. , 2008, The Journal of organic chemistry.

[516]  Christopher K Prier,et al.  Discovery of an α-Amino C–H Arylation Reaction Using the Strategy of Accelerated Serendipity , 2011, Science.