Macro- and micromixing in a novel sonochemical reactor using high frequency ultrasound

Abstract This paper deals with the influence of ultrasound on macro- and micromixing in a new developed sonochemical reactor. Unprecedented piezoelectric transducer arrangement with a high frequency of 1.7 MHz has been used in this novel reactor. Macromixing quality has been investigated visually and the Dushman reaction (iodide–iodate) coupled with a neutralization reaction have been examined in order to characterize micromixing quality. In addition, the effect of liquid viscosity on the segregation index has been studied. The results show that this new developed reactor can establish reasonable macro- and micromixing inside the reactor. Moreover, the performance of this reactor has been compared with a stirred tank reactor equipped with a Rushton turbine impeller. It is found that with the same input electrical power, the obtained segregation index for stirred tank reactor is approximately 10% more than proposed new ultrasound reactor, which means the sonoreactor works more efficiently.

[1]  Wu Yuan.  Micromixing in the Submerged Circulative Impinging Stream Reactor , 2003 .

[2]  T. Qiu,et al.  Ultrasound-assisted extraction of ginsenosides in supercritical CO2 reverse microemulsions , 2007 .

[3]  J. Villermaux,et al.  Characterisation of micromixing efficiency by the iodide–iodate reaction system. Part II: kinetic study , 2000 .

[4]  J. Zagzebski,et al.  Fundamentals and Applications of Ultrasonic Waves , 2002 .

[5]  Timothy J. Mason,et al.  Enhancement of chemical reactivity by power ultrasound: an alternative interpretation of the hot spot , 1991 .

[6]  Brane Širok,et al.  Numerical Simulation of a Near-Wall Bubble Collapse in an Ultrasonic Field , 2009 .

[7]  M. D. Luque de Castro,et al.  Analytical Applications of Ultrasound , 2007 .

[8]  David W. DePaoli,et al.  EHD micromixing reactor for particle synthesis , 2003 .

[9]  T. Dracos,et al.  Three dimensional velocity and vorticity measuring and image analysis techniques , 1996 .

[10]  Timothy J. Mason,et al.  Sonochemistry : theory, applications and uses of ultrasound in chemistry , 1988 .

[11]  Parag R. Gogate,et al.  Mapping of cavitational activity in high frequency sonochemical reactor , 2010 .

[12]  Laurent Falk,et al.  A new parallel competing reaction system for assessing micromixing efficiency—Experimental approach , 1996 .

[13]  Duu-Jong Lee,et al.  Micromixing efficiency in static mixer , 2001 .

[14]  E. Ritenour,et al.  Medical Imaging Physics , 1992 .

[15]  Andrew Wilkinson.  Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 1997 .

[16]  Hongshuai Gao,et al.  Intensification of micromixing efficiency in a ceramic membrane reactor with turbulence promoter , 2009 .

[17]  M. Ashokkumar,et al.  Minimising oil droplet size using ultrasonic emulsification. , 2009, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[18]  Piero M. Armenante,et al.  Hydrodynamic effects on mixing and competitive reactions in laboratory reactors , 2005 .

[19]  A. Mahajan,et al.  Micromixing effects in a two-impinging-jets precipitator , 1996 .

[20]  Mark F. Tachie,et al.  Experimental study of turbulent cross-flow in a staggered tube bundle using particle image velocimetry , 2007 .

[21]  Shangfu Li,et al.  Experimental approaches for understanding mixing performance of a minireactor , 2005 .

[22]  A. Wilhelm,et al.  Effects of ultrasound on micromixing in flow cell , 2000 .

[23]  Jianfeng Chen,et al.  Characterization of micromixing efficiency in rotating packed beds by chemical methods , 2006 .

[24]  A. Wilhelm,et al.  The influence of ultrasound on micromixing in a semi-batch reactor , 1999 .

[25]  Muthupandian Ashokkumar,et al.  Effect of power and frequency on bubble-size distributions in acoustic cavitation. , 2009, Physical review letters.

[26]  Michael Yianneskis,et al.  Direct determination of energy dissipation in stirred vessels with two‐point LDA , 2005 .

[27]  C. Charcosset,et al.  Preparation and characterization of spironolactone-loaded nanocapsules for paediatric use. , 2006, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[28]  W. Nyborg.  Acoustic Streaming near a Boundary , 1958 .

[29]  Xiulan Huai,et al.  Numerical simulation on enhancement of natural convection heat transfer by acoustic cavitation in a square enclosure , 2009 .

[30]  Hatem Fessi,et al.  Preparation of pH-sensitive particles by membrane contactor , 2008 .

[31]  J. Villermaux,et al.  Extension of a chemical method for the study of micromixing process in viscous media , 1997 .

[32]  Axel Günther,et al.  Micromixing of miscible liquids in segmented gas-liquid flow. , 2005, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[33]  L. Doraiswamy,et al.  Comparison of the effects of ultrasound and mechanical agitation on a reacting solid-liquid system , 1998 .

[34]  Zhang Jianwen,et al.  NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF MICROMIXING IN ROTATING PACKED BED , 2004 .

[35]  H. Muhr,et al.  Micromixing efficiency of a novel sliding‐surface mixing device , 1999 .

[36]  A. Wilhelm,et al.  Modelling of free radicals production in a collapsing gas-vapour bubble. , 1997, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[37]  Roland Kieffer,et al.  Characterization of mixing in a hollow fiber membrane contactor by the iodide–iodate method: Numerical simulations and experiments , 2009 .

[38]  L. Crum,et al.  Acoustic Cavitation , 1982 .

[39]  Karl G. Roesner.  Flow Field Visualization by Photochromic Coloring , 1997 .

[40]  R. W. Ramette,et al.  Triiodide ion formation equilibrium and activity coefficients in aqueous solution , 1984 .

[41]  L. Falk,et al.  Characterisation of micromixing efficiency by the iodide–iodate reaction system. Part I: experimental procedure , 2000 .

[42]  Aniruddha B. Pandit,et al.  Cavitation Reaction Engineering , 1999 .

[43]  Y. J. Zhang,et al.  Statistical investigation of bubble collapse and cavitation erosion effect , 1989 .

[44]  K. Mae,et al.  Control of extremely fast competitive consecutive reactions using micromixing. Selective Friedel-Crafts aminoalkylation. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[45]  Luca d'Agostino,et al.  On the Acoustical Dynamics of Bubble Clouds , 1983 .

[46]  Mikko O. Lamminen,et al.  Ultrasonic cleaning of latex particle fouled membranes , 2005 .

[47]  Yuanqing Zhao,et al.  A membrane reactor intensifying micromixing : Effects of parameters on segregation index , 2006 .

[48]  T J Mason,et al.  The effect of sonication on microbial disinfection using hypochlorite. , 2004, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[49]  Jerzy Bałdyga,et al.  The effect of micromixing on parallel reactions , 1990 .

[50]  J. R. Bourne,et al.  THE CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROMIXING USING FAST MULTIPLE REACTIONS , 1982 .

[51]  U. Hoffmann,et al.  Investigations on the energy conversion in sonochemical processes. , 2002, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[52]  M D Luque de Castro,et al.  Ultrasound-assisted crystallization (sonocrystallization). , 2007, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[53]  A F Collings,et al.  The application of power ultrasound to the surface cleaning of silica and heavy mineral sands. , 2000, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[54]  Laurent Falk,et al.  Determination of local energy dissipation rates in impinging jets by a chemical reaction method , 1999 .

[55]  J. Burns,et al.  The intensification of rapid reactions in multiphase systems using slug flow in capillaries. , 2001, Lab on a chip.

[56]  Xiaojun Chen,et al.  Multiple Scattering from Bubble Clouds , 2010 .

[57]  Laurent Falk,et al.  Experimental Comparison of the Iodide-Iodate and the Diazo Coupling Micromixing Test Reactions in Stirred Reactors , 2001 .

[58]  Christian Schwede,et al.  Characterization of Mixing Efficiency in Polymerization Reactors Using Competitive‐Parallel Reactions , 2007 .

[59]  Jerzy Bałdyga,et al.  Simplification of Micromixing Calculations. I. Derivation and Application of New Model , 1989 .

[60]  A. Wilhelm,et al.  Influence of ultrasound on mixing on the molecular scale for water and viscous liquids. , 1999, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.