Bond graph model of a solid oxide fuel cell with a C-field for mixture of two gas species

A true bond graph model of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is presented in this paper. The constitutive relations of a C-field for two species of gases are formulated in order to model the cathode and the anode channels of the fuel cell. Moreover, an existing R-field model has been extended for modelling of forced convection of a mixture of two gas species. For given values of system operating pressure, the air source and hydrogen source pressures, the outlet pressures and the inlet gas compositions, the fuel utilization (FU), and air utilization (AU) are interpreted in terms of the partial pressures of the gases in the anode channel and cathode channel. The model is simulated and various static and dynamic characteristic curves for the SOFC are obtained. It is found that the model is capable of capturing all the essential dynamics of the SOFC. Availability of this bond graph model will aid in designing robust model-based control strategies for the fuel cell system and also for performing exergy analysis of the system.

[1]  J. O'm. Bockris.  Fuel cells and fuel batteries : A guide to their research and development. H.A. Liebhafsky and E.J. Cairns, Wiley, New York (1968) $27.50. , 1969 .

[2]  G. Oster,et al.  Network Thermodynamics , 1971, Nature.

[3]  A. Perelson.  Network thermodynamics. An overview. , 1975, Biophysical journal.

[4]  Dean Karnopp,et al.  State variables and pseudo bond graphs for compressible thermofluid systems , 1979 .

[5]  Mont Hubbard,et al.  Pseudo bond graphs of circulating fluids with application to solar heating design , 1981 .

[6]  P. V. Remoortere.  Physical systems theory in terms of bond graphs : P.C. Breedveld: Vakgroep Besturingsystemen en Computertechniek, THT, Afdeling Electrotechniek, Postbus 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands. 1984, 200 pages, ISBN 90-9000599-4 , 1984 .

[7]  Rahmatallah Shoureshi,et al.  Modeling and Dynamics of Two-Phase Flow Heat Exchangers using Temperature - Entropy Bond Graphs , 1984, 1984 American Control Conference.

[8]  J. J. Granda,et al.  Computer simulation of heat transfer models using a pseudo bond graph network , 1989 .

[9]  Dean Karnopp,et al.  Bond graph models for electrochemical energy storage : electrical, chemical and thermal effects , 1990 .

[10]  E. Achenbach.  Response of a solid oxide fuel cell to load change , 1995 .

[11]  Eric P. Fahrenthold,et al.  System Dynamics Modeling of Porous Media , 1997 .

[12]  Wolfgang Borutzky,et al.  Bond graph modeling from an object oriented modeling point of view , 1999, Simul. Pract. Theory.

[13]  Jean Thoma.  Electric batteries and fuel cells modeled by Bondgraphs , 1999, Simul. Pract. Theory.

[14]  Peter J. Gawthrop,et al.  Thermal modelling using mixed energy and pseudo bond graphs , 1999 .

[15]  Philip J Thomas BSc CEng Fiee FInstMC,et al.  Simulation of Industrial Processes for Control Engineers , 1999 .

[16]  J. U. Thoma,et al.  Describing bond graph models of hydraulic components in Modelica , 2000 .

[17]  Belkacem Ould Bouamama,et al.  Modelling and Simulation in Thermal and Chemical Engineering , 2000 .

[18]  S. Singhal.  Advances in solid oxide fuel cell technology , 2000 .

[19]  Carlos Heny,et al.  Pseudo-bond graph model and simulation of a continuous stirred tank reactor , 2000, J. Frankl. Inst..

[20]  S. Chan,et al.  A complete polarization model of a solid oxide fuel cell and its sensitivity to the change of cell component thickness , 2001 .

[21]  Forbes T. Brown,et al.  Engineering system dynamics : a unified graph-centered approach , 2006 .

[22]  F. T. Brown,et al.  Non-iterative evaluation of multiphase thermal compliances in bond graphs , 2002 .

[23]  F. Brown.  Simulating Distributed-Parameter Multiphase Thermodynamic Systems Using Bond Graphs , 2002 .

[24]  Belkacem Ould Bouamama,et al.  Bond graph approach as analysis tool in thermofluid model library conception , 2003, J. Frankl. Inst..

[25]  G. Dauphin-Tanguy,et al.  A Distributed Parameter Pseudo Bond Graph for Heat Conduction Modelling: Notion of Cellular Bond Graph , 2003 .

[26]  K. Kendall,et al.  High temperature solid oxide fuel cells : fundamentals, design and applicatons , 2003 .

[27]  S. Cocchi,et al.  A global thermo-electrochemical model for SOFC systems design and engineering , 2003 .

[28]  C. Adjiman,et al.  Anode-supported intermediate temperature direct internal reforming solid oxide fuel cell. I: model-based steady-state performance , 2004 .

[29]  P.N. Enjeti,et al.  Development of an equivalent circuit model of a fuel cell to evaluate the effects of inverter ripple current , 2004, Nineteenth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2004. APEC '04..

[30]  Biao Huang,et al.  Dynamic modeling of solid oxide fuel cell: The effect of diffusion and inherent impedance , 2005 .

[31]  Nigel P. Brandon,et al.  Anode-supported intermediate-temperature direct internal reforming solid oxide fuel cell. II. Model-based dynamic performance and control , 2005 .

[32]  Fabian Mueller,et al.  Dynamic Simulation of an Integrated Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System Including Current-Based Fuel Flow Control , 2005 .

[33]  Mohammad Hassan Saidi,et al.  Optimization of a combined heat and power PEFC by exergy analysis , 2005 .

[34]  Bernhard Maschke,et al.  A Dynamic Mechanistic Model of an Electrochemical Interface , 2006 .

[35]  Biao Huang,et al.  Dynamic modeling of a finite volume of solid oxide fuel cell: The effect of transport dynamics , 2006 .

[36]  R. Rosenberg,et al.  System Dynamics: Modeling and Simulation of Mechatronic Systems , 2006 .

[37]  Remi Saisset,et al.  Bond Graph model of a PEM fuel cell , 2006 .

[38]  Marcel Staroswiecki,et al.  Supervision of an industrial steam generator. Part I: Bond graph modelling , 2006 .

[39]  Biao Huang,et al.  Data-driven predictive control for solid oxide fuel cells , 2007 .