Benchmarking a Shared Memory System

A hydratable iontophoretic bioelectrode includes a plurality of layers of material capable of absorbing and holding an ionized fluid when placed in contact with the fluid. Adjacent layers are maintained at least partially out of contact from one another by disposition between the layers of spacing elements such as sugar or other dissolvable particles or cellulose. The edges of the layers may be crimped to maintain the layers in a stack for assembly with an electrode sheet; such a sheet would be provided for receiving an electrical current to thereby produce an electric field and cause a migration of ions of the ionized fluid away from the electrode sheet and into the skin or tissue of a person or animal against which the bioelectrode is placed.