Research needs for physical modelling in ice engineering: Reflections from a university ice tank

Abstract Given the complexities surrounding many ice engineering problems, engineers and scientists will continue to draw heavily on physical modelling techniques to obtain the required insights and data for designing structures and vessels in ice-covered waters. However, so that physical modelling might be well-founded scientifically, and not be yet another “black art,” a programme of rigorous research must still be undertaken to identify: (1) appropriate similitude criteria and scale effects in ice-force modelling; and, (2) improved model-ice material(s) together with improved methods for testing model-ice properties. Presented here are reflections on research activities needed to establish appropriate modelling criteria and model-ice materials. The reflections are not intended to be a complete statement of all research needs. Rather, they somewhat wistfully mirror the author's concern for the slow development of modelling practice.