Three-dimensional Analysis of Facial Symmetry in Cleft Lip and Palate Patients Using Optical Surface Data

Aim:Presentation of a new technique to determine the plane of symmetry of a face, and to assess the degree of facial symmetry in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate based on three-dimensional (3D) optical surface data.Patients and Methods:After having determined a plane of symmetry according to optical 3D facial surface data, we identified differences in landmarks, the surface areas of the upper lip vermilion and nostrils and virtual volumes of the midface, nose and upper lip for cleft and unaffected sides in forty 10-year-old patients suffering from complete unilateral cleft lip, alveolus and palate. The children had undergone lip repair via the Tennison-Randall technique and had received subsequent orthodontic treatment (but not secondary osteoplasty).Results:Statistically significant differences were apparent between cleft and non-cleft sides in terms of the nasal landmarks, nostril angle and virtual volume of the nose. The upper lip was symmetrical when cleft and non-cleft sides were compared.Conclusions:This new technique of symmetry analysis reveals that the noses of 10-year-old patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate who had not undergone revisional surgery present a measurable and significant degree of asymmetry, while the upper lip is symmetrical as a consequence of interdisciplinary treatment by orthodontists and oral and maxillofacial surgeons. Further 3D analyses on larger numbers of patients will allow more comprehensive and consistent analysis of the potential and limitations of various surgical and conservative methods so as to identify those techniques with the best outcome in terms of facial symmetry.ZusammenfassungZiel:Ziel der Studie war es, eine neue Technik zur Beurteilung der Symmetrieebene des Gesichts auf Basis dreidimensionaler Datensätze vorzustellen und ihre Anwendung bei Patienten mit einseitiger Lippen-Kiefer-Gaumen-Spalte zu demonstrieren.Patienten und Methodik:Bei vierzig 10-jährigen Patienten mit einseitiger, vollständiger Lippen-Kiefer-Gaumen-Spalte, die bisher keine sekundäre Osteoplastik erhalten hatte, aber alle kieferorthopädisch behandelt wurden, erfolgte mit Hilfe von optischen 3-D-Daten der Gesichtsoberfläche und einer spezialisierten Software die Bestimmung der Symmetrieebene. Danach wurden die Unterschiede zwischen Landmarken, Flächen des Lippenrots und der Nasenlöcher sowie virtueller Volumina des Mittelgesichts, der Nase und der Oberlippe getrennt nach Gesichtshälften berechnet.Ergebnisse:Zwischen der Gesichtshälfte mit Spaltbildung und der Seite ohne Spalte bestanden statistisch signifikante Unterschiede in Bezug auf Landmarken, Winkel, Flächen und Volumina der Nasen. Im Bereich der Oberlippe wurden keine statistisch signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen der Spaltseite und der nicht betroffenen Seite bestimmt.Schlussfolgerungen:Die vorgestellte Technik der Symmetrieanalyse zeigt beim vorliegenden Patientengut, dass 10-jährige Patienten mit einseitiger Lippen-Kiefer-Gaumen-Spalte, die keine Korrekturoperationen im Verlauf erhielten, eine messbare, statistisch signifikante Asymmetrie der Nase aufweisen. Die Oberlippe dagegen ist bedingt durch das interdisziplinäre Behandlungskonzept aus kieferorthopädischen und mund-, kiefer- und gesichtschirurgischen Maßnahmen symmetrisch. Weitere dreidimensionale Analysen einer größeren Anzahl von Patienten werden die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der verschiedenen operativen und konservativen Behandlungsmöglichkeiten herausstellen und die Auswahl des Behandlungskonzeptes erleichtern, das in Bezug auf die Gesichtssymmetrie mit den besten Ergebnissen aufwartet.

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