Reorganization of cerebral circuits in human brain lesion.

Recovery after focal brain lesions is supposed to be mediated by cerebral reorganization. Stroke is a powerful model to study these processes in the human brain, since middle cerebral artery infarction is a common neurological disease with a clearly defined onset of a lateralized sensorimotor deficit syndrome. Brain tumours constitute a further model differing from stroke by their slow lesion dynamics. Evidence from functional neuroimaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation will be presented showing that recovery of hand function is related to reorganization of local perilesional and large-scale circuits involving the contralesional hemisphere.

[1]  B. Rosen,et al.  A functional MRI study of subjects recovered from hemiparetic stroke. , 1997, Stroke.

[2]  J. Rothwell,et al.  Intracortical inhibition and facilitation in different representations of the human motor cortex. , 1998, Journal of neurophysiology.

[3]  F. Binkofski,et al.  Recovery of Motor Functions following Hemiparetic Stroke: A Clinical and Magnetic Resonance-Morphometric Study , 2001, Cerebrovascular Diseases.

[4]  P. Manganotti,et al.  Motor disinhibition in affected and unaffected hemisphere in the early period of recovery after stroke , 2002, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[5]  O W Witte,et al.  Functional Differentiation of Multiple Perilesional Zones after Focal Cerebral Ischemia , 2000, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[6]  Daniel B Hier,et al.  Infarct topography and hemiparesis profiles with cerebral convexity infarction: the Stroke Data Bank. , 1993, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[7]  Gary Duckwiler,et al.  Thrombolytic reversal of acute human cerebral ischemic injury shown by diffusion/perfusion magnetic resonance imaging , 2000, Annals of neurology.

[8]  R. J. Seitz,et al.  Thalamic metabolism and corticospinal tract integrity determine motor recovery in stroke , 1996, Annals of neurology.

[9]  R. Seitz,et al.  The effect of combined thrombolysis with rtPA and tirofiban on ischemic brain lesions , 2004, Neurology.

[10]  B. Bussel,et al.  Longitudinal Study of Motor Recovery After Stroke: Recruitment and Focusing of Brain Activation , 2002, Stroke.

[11]  R. Nudo,et al.  Neural Substrates for the Effects of Rehabilitative Training on Motor Recovery After Ischemic Infarct , 1996, Science.

[12]  J. Krakauer,et al.  Evolution of cortical activation during recovery from corticospinal tract infarction. , 2000, Stroke.

[13]  R. Nudo,et al.  Recovery of motor function after focal cortical injury in primates: compensatory movement patterns used during rehabilitative training. , 1998, Somatosensory & motor research.

[14]  J. Liepert,et al.  Motor cortex plasticity during constraint-induced movement therapy in stroke patients , 1998, Neuroscience Letters.

[15]  R. J. Seitz,et al.  Precentral glioma location determines the displacement of cortical hand representation. , 1998, Neurosurgery.

[16]  A Thron,et al.  Functional and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images of space-occupying lesions affecting the motor system: imaging the motor cortex and pyramidal tracts. , 2001, Journal of neurosurgery.

[17]  M. Hallett,et al.  Improving hand function in chronic stroke. , 2002, Archives of neurology.

[18]  H. Freund,et al.  Role of the premotor cortex in recovery from middle cerebral artery infarction. , 1998, Archives of neurology.

[19]  G. Kwakkel,et al.  Intensity of leg and arm training after primary middle-cerebral-artery stroke: a randomised trial , 1999, The Lancet.

[20]  R J Seitz,et al.  Large-scale plasticity of the human motor cortex. , 1995, Neuroreport.

[21]  A. Villringer,et al.  Effect of Intravenous Thrombolysis on MRI Parameters and Functional Outcome in Acute Stroke <6 Hours , 2002, Stroke.

[22]  P. Rossini,et al.  Post-stroke plastic reorganisation in the adult brain , 2003, The Lancet Neurology.

[23]  J. Liepert,et al.  Motor cortex disinhibition of the unaffected hemisphere after acute stroke , 2000, Muscle & nerve.

[24]  J. Rothwell,et al.  Driving Plasticity in Human Adult Motor Cortex Is Associated with Improved Motor Function after Brain Injury , 2002, Neuron.

[25]  C. Calautti,et al.  Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Motor Recovery After Stroke in Adults: A Review , 2003, Stroke.

[26]  A Schulze-Bonhage,et al.  Transcranial magnetic double stimulation: influence of the intensity of the conditioning stimulus. , 1997, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[27]  P. Rossini,et al.  Motor cortical disinhibition in the unaffected hemisphere after unilateral cortical stroke. , 2002, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[28]  W D Heiss,et al.  Tissue at Risk of Infarction Rescued by Early Reperfusion: A Positron Emission Tomography Study in Systemic Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator Thrombolysis of Acute Stroke , 1998, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[29]  A. Villringer,et al.  Assessment of diffusion and perfusion deficits in patients with small subcortical ischemia. , 2003, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[30]  P. Matthews,et al.  The role of ipsilateral premotor cortex in hand movement after stroke , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[31]  M. Mishkin,et al.  Lesion-induced plasticity in the second somatosensory cortex of adult macaques. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[32]  Thorsten Schormann,et al.  Delayed Shrinkage of the Brain After Ischemic Stroke: Preliminary Observations With Voxel‐Guided Morphometry , 2004, Journal of neuroimaging : official journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging.

[33]  M. Merzenich,et al.  Cortical plasticity and memory , 1993, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[34]  Volker Hömberg,et al.  Remote changes in cortical excitability after stroke. , 2003, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[35]  C. Genovese,et al.  Cerebellar hemispheric activation ipsilateral to the paretic hand correlates with functional recovery after stroke. , 2002, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[36]  A Schnitzler,et al.  The motor syndrome associated with exaggerated inhibition within the primary motor cortex of patients with hemiparetic. , 1997, Brain : a journal of neurology.