Optimal rebalancing and on-board charging of shared electric scooters

Abstract This paper presents a sequence of models for optimal overnight charging and rebalancing of shared electric scooters (e-scooters) by allowing e-scooters to be charged while being transported on rebalancing vehicles. This problem is first modeled as a mixed-integer program for the multi-commodity inventory routing problem, where commodities represent e-scooters with different states of charge. To avoid prohibitive computation burden, continuous approximation techniques are proposed to estimate costs associated with the pickup and drop-off operations in small local neighborhoods, and the formulation turns into a discrete-continuous hybrid model for the integrated operations at both local and line-haul levels. A series of numerical experiments are conducted to demonstrate that, as compared to direct application of the discrete formulation, the proposed hybrid approach can produce good quality solutions for large-scale instances in a much shorter computation time.

[1]  Yu Zhang,et al.  Free-floating bike sharing: Solving real-life large-scale static rebalancing problems , 2017 .

[2]  Güneş Erdoğan,et al.  Discrete Optimization An exact algorithm for the static rebalancing problem arising in bicycle sharing systems , 2015 .

[3]  Henry Y. K. Lau,et al.  A time-space network flow approach to dynamic repositioning in bicycle sharing systems , 2017 .

[4]  Qiang Meng,et al.  Electric vehicle fleet size and trip pricing for one-way carsharing services considering vehicle relocation and personnel assignment , 2018 .

[5]  C. Macharis,et al.  How to Improve the Total Cost of Ownership of Electric Vehicles: An Analysis of the Light Commercial Vehicle Segment , 2019 .

[6]  Günther R. Raidl,et al.  Balancing Bicycle Sharing Systems: An Approach for the Dynamic Case , 2014, EvoCOP.

[7]  Iris A. Forma,et al.  A 3-step math heuristic for the static repositioning problem in bike-sharing systems , 2015 .

[8]  Carlos F. Daganzo,et al.  DESIGN OF MULTIPLE-VEHICLE DELIVERY TOURS II. OTHER METRICS , 1986 .

[9]  Frédéric Meunier,et al.  Bike sharing systems: Solving the static rebalancing problem , 2013, Discret. Optim..

[10]  Carlos F. Daganzo,et al.  Logistics Systems Analysis , 1991 .

[11]  Francesc Soriguera,et al.  A continuous approximation model for the optimal design of public bike-sharing systems , 2020, Sustainable Cities and Society.

[12]  Didier Josselin,et al.  Relocation optimization of electric cars in one-way car-sharing systems: modeling, exact solving and heuristics algorithms , 2018, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[13]  Jiaqi Ma,et al.  Design framework of large-scale one-way electric vehicle sharing systems: A continuum approximation model , 2016 .

[14]  Yanfeng Ouyang,et al.  Advancements in continuous approximation models for logistics and transportation systems: 1996–2016 , 2017, 1706.05448.

[15]  Carlos F Daganzo,et al.  Public Transportation Systems , 2019 .

[16]  Carlos F. Daganzo,et al.  Design of multiple-vehicle delivery tours--I a ring-radial network , 1986 .

[17]  Klaus Bogenberger,et al.  Validation of a Relocation Strategy for Munich's Bike Sharing System , 2016 .

[18]  Stefan Illgen,et al.  Literature review of the vehicle relocation problem in one-way car sharing networks , 2019, Transportation Research Part B: Methodological.

[19]  Enrique Benavent,et al.  Optimizing the level of service quality of a bike-sharing system , 2016 .

[20]  W. Y. Szeto,et al.  A static free-floating bike repositioning problem with multiple heterogeneous vehicles, multiple depots, and multiple visits , 2018, Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies.

[21]  Yanfeng Ouyang,et al.  Design of vehicle routing zones for large-scale distribution systems , 2007 .

[22]  Will Recker,et al.  Proactive vehicle routing with inferred demand to solve the bikesharing rebalancing problem , 2014 .

[23]  W. Y. Szeto,et al.  Solving a static repositioning problem in bike-sharing systems using iterated tabu search , 2014 .

[24]  Gaël Varoquaux,et al.  Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python , 2011, J. Mach. Learn. Res..

[25]  W. Y. Szeto,et al.  A modeling framework for the dynamic management of free-floating bike-sharing systems , 2018 .

[26]  Mohammed H. Almannaa,et al.  Optimal Assignment of e-scooter to Chargers , 2019, 2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC).

[27]  Jamol Pender,et al.  A Stochastic Model for Electric Scooter Systems , 2020, 2004.10727.

[28]  Quanlin Li,et al.  Optimization Strategies for Dockless Bike Sharing Systems via two Algorithms of Closed Queuing Networks , 2020, Processes.

[29]  Yanfeng Ouyang,et al.  Continuous approximation for demand balancing in solving large-scale one-commodity pickup and delivery problems , 2018 .

[30]  Yanfeng Ouyang,et al.  Planning of Resource Replenishment Location for Service Trucks Under Network Congestion and Routing Constraints , 2016 .

[31]  Yongjun Shen,et al.  Towards an Energy Efficient Solution for Bike-Sharing Rebalancing Problems: A Battery Electric Vehicle Scenario , 2019, Energies.

[32]  Leonardo Caggiani,et al.  A Modular Soft Computing based Method for Vehicles Repositioning in Bike-sharing Systems , 2012 .

[33]  Fang Zhao,et al.  A multi-periodic optimization formulation for bike planning and bike utilization , 2012 .

[34]  Tal Raviv,et al.  Static repositioning in a bike-sharing system: models and solution approaches , 2013, EURO J. Transp. Logist..

[35]  Margaret Smith,et al.  Costs Associated With Non-Residential Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment: Factors to consider in the implementation of electric vehicle charging stations , 2015 .

[36]  Mauro Dell'Amico,et al.  The bike sharing rebalancing problem: Mathematical formulations and benchmark instances , 2014 .

[37]  Xiaohu Zhang,et al.  Simulating and Evaluating Rebalancing Strategies for Dockless Bike-Sharing Systems , 2020, ArXiv.

[38]  Dirk C. Mattfeld,et al.  Short-term Strategies for Stochastic Inventory Routing in Bike Sharing Systems , 2015 .

[39]  Xifen Xu,et al.  Dockless Bike-Sharing Reallocation Based on Data Analysis: Solving Complex Problem with Simple Method , 2018, 2018 IEEE Third International Conference on Data Science in Cyberspace (DSC).

[40]  Karim Labadi,et al.  Stochastic Petri Net Modeling, Simulation and Analysis of Public Bicycle Sharing Systems , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering.

[41]  Tal Raviv,et al.  Optimal inventory management of a bike-sharing station , 2013 .

[42]  W. Y. Szeto,et al.  A hybrid large neighborhood search for the static multi-vehicle bike-repositioning problem , 2017 .

[43]  Jorge E. Mendoza,et al.  The electric vehicle routing problem with non-linear charging functions , 2015 .

[44]  Juan José Salazar González,et al.  The multi‐commodity pickup‐and‐delivery traveling salesman problem , 2014, Networks.

[45]  Markus Leitner,et al.  Overview of Optimization Problems in Electric Car-Sharing System Design and Management , 2016 .

[46]  Grant McKenzie.  Spatiotemporal comparative analysis of scooter-share and bike-share usage patterns in Washington, D.C. , 2019, Journal of Transport Geography.

[47]  Carlos F. Daganzo,et al.  The length of tours in zones of different shapes , 1984 .

[48]  Juan José Salazar González,et al.  The One-Commodity Pickup-and-Delivery Travelling Salesman Problem , 2001, Combinatorial Optimization.

[49]  Robert C. Hampshire,et al.  Inventory rebalancing and vehicle routing in bike sharing systems , 2017, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[50]  Maurizio Bruglieri,et al.  The vehicle relocation problem for the one-way electric vehicle sharing , 2013, ArXiv.

[51]  Daniele Vigo,et al.  Optimizing relocation operations in electric car-sharing , 2017, Omega.

[52]  Richard F. Hartl,et al.  A survey on pickup and delivery problems , 2008 .

[53]  Randolph W. Hall.  Determining vehicle dispatch frequency when shipping frequency differs among suppliers , 1985 .

[54]  Leonardo Caggiani,et al.  th EURO Working Group on Transportation Meeting , EWGT 2017 , 4-6 September 2017 , Budapest , Hungary A dynamic clustering method for relocation process in free-floating vehicle sharing systems , 2017 .

[55]  Klaus Bogenberger,et al.  GPS-Data Analysis of Munich's Free-Floating Bike Sharing System and Application of an Operator-based Relocation Strategy , 2015, 2015 IEEE 18th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems.

[56]  Chao Lei,et al.  A Discrete-Continuous Hybrid Approach to Periodic Routing of Waste Collection Vehicles With Recycling Operations , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems.

[57]  J. Beardwood,et al.  The shortest path through many points , 1959, Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.

[58]  Carlos F. Daganzo,et al.  The Distance Traveled to Visit N Points with a Maximum of C Stops per Vehicle: An Analytic Model and an Application , 1984, Transp. Sci..