Influence of temperature and reaction time on the conversion of polystyrene waste to pyrolysis liquid oil.

This paper aims to investigate the effect of temperature and reaction time on the yield and quality of liquid oil produced from a pyrolysis process. Polystyrene (PS) type plastic waste was used as a feedstock in a small pilot scale batch pyrolysis reactor. At 400°C with a reaction time of 75min, the gas yield was 8% by mass, the char yield was 16% by mass, while the liquid oil yield was 76% by mass. Raising the temperature to 450°C increased the gas production to 13% by mass, reduced the char production to 6.2% and increased the liquid oil yield to 80.8% by mass. The optimum temperature and reaction time was found to be 450°C and 75min. The liquid oil at optimum conditions had a dynamic viscosity of 1.77mPas, kinematic viscosity of 1.92cSt, a density of 0.92g/cm3, a pour point of -60°C, a freezing point of -64°C, a flash point of 30.2°C and a high heating value (HHV) of 41.6MJ/kg this is similar to conventional diesel. The gas chromatography with mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that liquid oil contains mainly styrene (48%), toluene (26%) and ethyl-benzene (21%) compounds.

[1]  Kyong-Hwan Lee,et al.  Pyrolysis of municipal plastic wastes separated by difference of specific gravity , 2007 .

[2]  Zakariya Kaneesamkandi,et al.  Biodegradable waste to biogas: Renewable energy option for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , 2013 .

[3]  I. Marco,et al.  Influence of time and temperature on pyrolysis of plastic wastes in a semi-batch reactor , 2011 .

[4]  Sachin Kumar,et al.  Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON LIQUID FROM WASTE HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE BY THERMAL PYROLYSIS , 2011 .

[5]  Nejat Rahmanian,et al.  Analysis of Physiochemical Parameters to Evaluate the Drinking Water Quality in the State of Perak, Malaysia , 2015 .

[6]  D. Mohan,et al.  Pyrolysis of Wood/Biomass for Bio-oil: A Critical Review , 2006 .

[7]  M. K. Biddinika,et al.  Technology for public outreach of fuel oil production from municipal plastic wastes , 2017 .

[8]  K. O’Connor,et al.  Process analysis of the conversion of styrene to biomass and medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoate in a two‐phase bioreactor , 2011, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[9]  Ali Hassanpour,et al.  The influence of blending process on the quality of rapeseed oil-used cooking oil biodiesels , 2014 .

[10]  A. K. Panda,et al.  Experimental Optimization of Process for the Thermo-catalytic Degradation of Waste Polypropylene to Liquid Fuel , 2013 .

[11]  Mol Hungarian Oil Hydrocarbons obtained by pyrolysis of contaminated waste plastics , 2011 .

[12]  C. Thamotharan,et al.  Performance and Emission Test of Several Blends of Waste Plastic Oil with Diesel and Ethanol on Four Stroke Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine , 2014 .

[13]  P. Frediani,et al.  Reverse polymerization of waste polystyrene through microwave assisted pyrolysis , 2014 .

[14]  N. Miskolczi,et al.  Comparison of real waste (MSW and MPW) pyrolysis in batch reactor over different catalysts. Part II: contaminants, char and pyrolysis oil properties. , 2013, Bioresource technology.

[15]  A. Marcilla,et al.  Effect of the temperature in the nature and extension of the primary and secondary reactions in the thermal and HZSM-5 catalytic pyrolysis of HDPE , 2007 .

[16]  A. Nizami,et al.  Key issues in estimating energy and greenhouse gas savings of biofuels: challenges and perspectives , 2016 .

[17]  Laura Carolina Lerici,et al.  Chemical Catalyzed Recycling of Polymers: Catalytic Conversion of PE, PP and PS into Fuels and Chemicals over H-Y , 2015 .

[18]  Nwadike Isioma,et al.  Cold Flow Properties and Kinematic Viscosity of Biodiesel , 2013 .

[19]  Heqing Shen,et al.  Human lead (Pb) exposure via dust from different land use settings of Pakistan: A case study from two urban mountainous cities. , 2016, Chemosphere.

[20]  R. Dunn Improving the Cold Flow Properties of Biodiesel by Fractionation , 2011 .

[21]  Talal Almeelbi,et al.  Developing waste biorefinery in Makkah: A way forward to convert urban waste into renewable energy , 2017 .

[22]  Nandakishore Rajagopalan,et al.  Production, characterization and fuel properties of alternative diesel fuel from pyrolysis of waste plastic grocery bags ☆ , 2014 .

[23]  John De Zuane Handbook of drinking water quality , 1990 .

[24]  V. Sinha,et al.  Pet Waste Management by Chemical Recycling: A Review , 2010 .

[25]  Triyono,et al.  Fuel Production from LDPE Plastic Waste over Natural Zeolite Supported Ni, Ni-Mo, Co and Co-Mo Metals , 2014 .

[26]  William J. Rose Poland — Past and Present , 1946 .

[27]  M. Bartoli,et al.  Bio-oil from residues of short rotation coppice of poplar using a microwave assisted pyrolysis , 2016 .

[28]  M. Siddiqui,et al.  Pyrolysis of mixed plastics for the recovery of useful products , 2009 .

[29]  Ali Hassanpour,et al.  The potential of Saudi Arabian natural zeolites in energy recovery technologies , 2016 .

[30]  K. Yoshikawa,et al.  Application of Waste Biomass Pyrolysis Oil in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine: For a Small Scale Non-Grid Electrification , 2015 .

[31]  P. Frediani,et al.  Upgraded fuel from microwave assisted pyrolysis of waste tire , 2014 .

[32]  A. Demirbas,et al.  Waste-to-energy and recycling value for developing integrated solid waste management plan in Lahore , 2016 .

[33]  Arash Farnoosh,et al.  Electricity generation analyses in an oil-exporting country: Transition to non-fossil fuel based power units in Saudi Arabia , 2014 .

[34]  M. Marques,et al.  Thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of plastic waste , 2016 .

[35]  Khurram Shahzad,et al.  Waste-to-Hydrogen Energy in Saudi Arabia: Challenges and Perspectives , 2017 .

[36]  Roberto Aguado,et al.  Kinetics of polystyrene pyrolysis in a conical spouted bed reactor , 2003 .

[37]  P. Frediani,et al.  Microwave pyrolysis of polymeric materials , 2011 .

[38]  Javier Bilbao,et al.  Styrene recovery from polystyrene by flash pyrolysis in a conical spouted bed reactor. , 2015, Waste management.

[39]  Muhammad Waqas,et al.  Solid waste management in Saudi Arabia: A review , 2016 .

[40]  M. Bartoli,et al.  Depolymerization of polystyrene at reduced pressure through a microwave assisted pyrolysis , 2015 .

[41]  D. Achilias,et al.  A Review of Modeling of Diffusion Controlled Polymerization Reactions , 2007 .

[42]  Foster A. Agblevor,et al.  Fast pyrolysis of chicken litter and turkey litter in a fluidized bed reactor , 2009 .

[43]  Kirsten Heimann,et al.  Recycling of Solid Waste for Biofuels and Bio-chemicals , 2016 .

[44]  C. Briens,et al.  A simple procedure for chromatographic analysis of bio-oils from pyrolysis , 2015 .

[45]  R. Stahl,et al.  Effect of feedstock composition on product yields and energy recovery rates of fast pyrolysis products from different straw types , 2013 .

[46]  Tariq Iqbal,et al.  An Argument for Developing Waste-to-energy Technologies in Saudi Arabia , 2015 .

[47]  Talal Almeelbi,et al.  Waste Biorefinery in Makkah: A Solution to Convert Waste produced during Hajj and Umrah Seasons into Wealth.pdf , 2015 .

[48]  Giin-Yu Amy Tan,et al.  Enhanced styrene recovery from waste polystyrene pyrolysis using response surface methodology coupled with Box-Behnken design. , 2014, Waste management.

[49]  Ayhan Demirbas,et al.  Evaluation of natural gas hydrates as a future methane source , 2016 .

[50]  Green Product of Liquid Fuel from Plastic Waste by Pyrolysis at 900 , 2015 .

[51]  Qin Zhang,et al.  Ethanol-diesel fuel blends -- a review. , 2005, Bioresource technology.

[52]  M. Bernardo Physico-chemical characterization of chars produced in the co-pyrolysis of wastes and possible routes of valorisation , 2011 .

[53]  Mohammad Rehan,et al.  The Energy and Value-Added Products from Pyrolysis of Waste Plastics , 2016 .

[54]  Ayhan Demirbas,et al.  Pyrolysis of municipal plastic wastes for recovery of gasoline-range hydrocarbons , 2004 .

[55]  Anja Oasmaa,et al.  Fuel oil quality of biomass pyrolysis oils-state of the art for the end users , 1999 .

[56]  Awwa,et al.  Standard Methods for the examination of water and wastewater , 1999 .

[57]  P. He,et al.  Pyrolysis technologies for municipal solid waste: a review. , 2014, Waste management.

[58]  Mohammad Rehan,et al.  Catalytic pyrolysis of plastic waste: A review , 2016 .

[59]  C. Wongkhorsub,et al.  A Comparison of the Use of Pyrolysis Oils in Diesel Engine , 2013 .

[60]  Adnan,et al.  Polystyrene degradation studies using Cu supported catalysts , 2014 .

[61]  Ayhan Demirbas,et al.  Determination of wax content in crude oil , 2016 .

[62]  J. Jamradloedluk,et al.  on Intelligent Manufacturing and Automation , 2013 Characterization and Utilization of Char Derived from Fast Pyrolysis of Plastic Wastes , 2014 .

[63]  Mohammad Rehan,et al.  Effect of plastic waste types on pyrolysis liquid oil , 2017 .

[64]  N. Miskolczi,et al.  Fuels by pyrolysis of waste plastics from agricultural and packaging sectors in a pilot scale reactor , 2009 .

[65]  A. Demirbas,et al.  Conversion of waste tires to liquid products via sodium carbonate catalytic pyrolysis , 2016 .

[66]  Paul T. Williams,et al.  Composition of products from the pyrolysis of polyethylene and polystyrene in a closed batch reactor: Effects of temperature and residence time , 2009 .

[67]  Su-Hwa Jung,et al.  The influence of reaction parameters on characteristics of pyrolysis oils from waste high impact polystyrene and acrylonitrile- butadiene-styrene using a fluidized bed reactor , 2013 .

[68]  N. Miskolczi,et al.  Comparision of real waste (MSW and MPW) pyrolysis in batch reactor over different catalysts. Part I: product yields, gas and pyrolysis oil properties. , 2013, Bioresource technology.

[69]  Yong Ren,et al.  Pyrolysis of solid waste in a rotary kiln: influence of final pyrolysis temperature on the pyrolysis products , 1999 .

[70]  Paul T. Williams,et al.  Interaction of Plastics in Mixed-Plastics Pyrolysis , 1999 .

[71]  Nicholas E. Korres,et al.  Waste to energy potential: A case study of Saudi Arabia , 2016 .

[72]  V. Putsche,et al.  Large-Scale Pyrolysis Oil Production: A Technology Assessment and Economic Analysis , 2006 .

[73]  Piero Frediani,et al.  Microwave pyrolysis of polymeric materials: Waste tires treatment and characterization of the value-added products , 2013 .

[74]  M. Toledano,et al.  Waste incineration and adverse birth and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review. , 2014, Environment international.

[75]  I. Marco,et al.  Pyrolysis of the rejects of a waste packaging separation and classification plant , 2009 .

[76]  Kunio Yoshikawa,et al.  Fuel Oil Production from Municipal Plastic Wastes in Sequential Pyrolysis and Catalytic Reforming Reactors , 2014 .

[77]  Talal Almeelbi,et al.  Pyrolytic liquid fuel: A source of renewable electricity generation in Makkah , 2016 .