A quantitative approach to social and geographical dialect variation

Dialectvariatie beter in beeld te brengen Het centrale thema van Martijn Wielings proefschrift is het onderzoeken van dialectvariatie. Om een objectief beeld te krijgen van dialectvariatie meten we dialectafstanden op basis van honderden woorden automatisch op basis van genoteerde uitspraken. Wieling verfijnde deze afstandsmaat door het gebruik van (automatisch bepaalde) akoestisch gevoelige klankafstanden. Daarnaast introduceert hij een nieuwe methode die het mogelijk maakt om groepen van vergelijkbare dialecten te vinden, waarbij tegelijkertijd de onderliggende taalkundige basis (gebaseerd op klankcorrespondenties) wordt bepaald. Voor zowel Engelse als Nederlandse dialecten vond Wieling aannemelijke geografische dialectgebieden samen met hun meest karakteristieke klankcorrespondenties. In het Fries is bijvoorbeeld de toevoeging van ‘sj’ erg kenmerkend: ‘wachten’ wordt ‘wachtsje’. Wieling ontwikkelde een integrale aanpak, die de invloed van diverse factoren op dialectvariatie per woord kan bepalen. Niet alleen kan via deze methode gekeken worden naar de invloed van geografische ligging, maar ook naar de rol van verschillende sociale en woord-gerelateerde factoren (zoals leeftijd van de spreker en woordfrequentie). Wieling ontdekte bijvoorbeeld bij Nederlandse dialectwoorden dat deze het meest verschillen van de standaardtaal in de provincies Friesland, Groningen, Drenthe, Overijssel, Limburg en Zeeland. Daarnaast blijkt dat de dialectuitspraken van een gemeenschap met een klein aantal inwoners of een hoge gemiddelde leeftijd meer afwijken van de Nederlandse standaardtaal dan die van een gemeenschap met een groot aantal inwoners of een lage gemiddelde leeftijd. Ook blijkt dat meer frequente woorden meer resistent zijn tegen standaardisatie (ook in andere talen). Wielings dissertatie gaat specifiek over uitspraken in dialect. Het zegt niets over het accent van deze sprekers in de standaardtaal.

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