Evaluation of the effects of synchronising the availability of N and energy on rumen function and production responses of dairy cows – a review

Cabrita, A. R. J., Dewhurst, R. J., Abreu, J. M. F., Fonseca, A. J. M. (2006). Evaluation of the effects of synchronising the availability of N and energy on rumen function and production responses of dairy cows - a review. Animal Research, 55, (1), 1-24.

[1]  C. Brownie,et al.  Effects of amounts and degradability of dietary protein on lactation, nitrogen utilization, and excretion in early lactation Holstein cows. , 2003, Journal of dairy science.

[2]  J. Dijkstra,et al.  Predicting the yield of nutrients from microbial metabolism in the rumen , 2003 .

[3]  M. Oba,et al.  Effects of diet fermentability on efficiency of microbial nitrogen production in lactating dairy cows. , 2003, Journal of dairy science.

[4]  P. H. Robinson,et al.  Influence of time of feeding a protein meal on diurnal patterns of amino acids in duodenal digesta protein of lactating dairy cows , 2002 .

[5]  M. Messman,et al.  Form of rumen-degradable carbohydrate and nitrogen on microbial protein synthesis and protein efficiency of dairy cows. , 2002, Journal of dairy science.

[6]  S. Calsamiglia,et al.  Effects of pH and pH fluctuations on microbial fermentation and nutrient flow from a dual-flow continuous culture system. , 2002, Journal of dairy science.

[7]  R. Boman,et al.  Influence of corn processing and frequency of feeding on cow performance. , 2002, Journal of dairy science.

[8]  E. Okine,et al.  Effects of substituting barley grain with corn on ruminal fermentation characteristics, milk yield, and milk composition of Holstein cows. , 2001, Journal of dairy science.

[9]  B. A. Dehority,et al.  Effect of feeding frequency on bacterial and fungal concentrations, pH, and other parameters in the rumen. , 2001, Journal of animal science.

[10]  K. Beauchemin,et al.  Effects of grain processing, forage to concentrate ratio, and forage particle size on rumen pH and digestion by dairy cows. , 2001, Journal of dairy science.

[11]  P. Buttery,et al.  The effects of synchronizing the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen supply to the rumen on milk production and metabolism of ewes offered grass silage based diets. , 2000 .

[12]  R. Dewhurst,et al.  Microbial protein supply from the rumen , 2000 .

[13]  D. Schingoethe,et al.  Synchronization of carbohydrate and protein sources on fermentation and passage rates in dairy cows. , 1999, Journal of dairy science.

[14]  J. Choung,et al.  Effects of varying the degree of synchrony of energy and nitrogen release in the rumen on the synthesis of microbial protein in lactating dairy cows consuming a diet of grass silage and a cereal‐based concentrate , 1999 .

[15]  H. Tagari,et al.  Effects of extrusion of grain and feeding frequency on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and milk yield and composition in dairy cows. , 1999, Journal of dairy science.

[16]  J. Choung,et al.  Effects of varying degrees of synchrony of energy and nitrogen release in the rumen on the synthesis of microbial protein in cattle consuming grass silage , 1999 .

[17]  D. Schingoethe,et al.  Milk production and composition from cows fed wet corn distillers grains. , 1999, Journal of dairy science.

[18]  K. Beauchemin,et al.  Effects of grain source and enzyme additive on site and extent of nutrient digestion in dairy cows. , 1999, Journal of dairy science.

[19]  J. A. Wyckoff,et al.  Influence of processed corn grain in diets of dairy cows on digestion of nutrients and milk composition. , 1998, Journal of dairy science.

[20]  H. Tagari,et al.  Effect of the synchronization of the degradation of dietary crude protein and organic matter and feeding frequency on ruminal fermentation and flow of digesta in the abomasum of dairy cows. , 1998, Journal of dairy science.

[21]  J. Russell,et al.  Strategies that ruminal bacteria use to handle excess carbohydrate. , 1998, Journal of animal science.

[22]  K. Knowlton,et al.  Performance, ruminal fermentation, and site of starch digestion in early lactation cows fed corn grain harvested and processed differently. , 1998, Journal of dairy science.

[23]  S. Mabjeesh,et al.  Effect of ruminal degradability of crude protein and nonstructural carbohydrates on the efficiency of bacterial crude protein synthesis and amino acid flow to the abomasum of dairy cows. , 1997, Journal of dairy science.

[24]  K. Beauchemin,et al.  Comparison of hull-less barley, barley, or corn for lactating cows: effects on extent of digestion and milk production. , 1997, Journal of dairy science.

[25]  P. H. Robinson,et al.  Influence of time of feeding a protein meal on ruminal fermentation and forestomach digestion in dairy cows. , 1997, Journal of dairy science.

[26]  L. Rode,et al.  Influence of dietary rumen-degradable protein on bacterial growth in the rumen of sheep receiving different energy sources. , 1996 .

[27]  J. Kessel,et al.  The effect of amino nitrogen on the energetics of ruminal bacteria and its impact on energy spilling. , 1996, Journal of dairy science.

[28]  R. Zinn,et al.  Influence of flake density on the feeding value of steam-processed corn in diets for lactating cows. , 1996, Journal of animal science.

[29]  W. V. Thayne,et al.  Effect of form of nitrogen on growth of ruminal microbes in continuous culture. , 1996, Journal of animal science.

[30]  D. Sauvant,et al.  Les conséquences de la dynamique de la digestion des aliments sur le métabolisme ruminal et les performances animales , 1995 .

[31]  T. Overton,et al.  Ruminal fermentation and passage of nutrients to the duodenum of lactating cows fed mixtures of corn and barley. , 1995, Journal of dairy science.

[32]  J. Huber,et al.  Effect of sorghum grain processing on site and extent of digestion of starch in lactating dairy cows. , 1995, Journal of dairy science.

[33]  P. Garnsworthy,et al.  Effects of synchronizing the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen release in diets with a similar carbohydrate composition on rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in sheep , 1995, The Journal of Agricultural Science.

[34]  P. Garnsworthy,et al.  The effect of dietary asynchrony on rumen nitrogen recycling in sheep , 1995, Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science.

[35]  G. Tremblay,et al.  Ruminal fermentation and digestion in lactating cows fed grass silage with protein and energy supplements. , 1995, Journal of dairy science.

[36]  M. Gill,et al.  Diurnal patterns in crude protein and amino acid flow in the duodenum and the influence of time of feeding a protein meal to lactating cows , 1995 .

[37]  E. Ørskov.  Recent advances in understanding of microbial transformation in ruminants , 1994 .

[38]  P. H. Robinson,et al.  Influence of supplemental protein source and feeding frequency on rumen fermentation and performance in dairy cows. , 1994, Journal of dairy science.

[39]  M. Stern,et al.  Effects of soybean hulls and lignosulfonate-treated soybean meal on ruminal fermentation in lactating dairy cows. , 1994, Journal of dairy science.

[40]  J. Huber,et al.  Effect of steam flaking of corn and sorghum grains on performance of lactating cows. , 1994, Journal of dairy science.

[41]  S. Bertics,et al.  Lack of response to addition of degradable protein to a low protein diet fed to midlactation dairy cows. , 1993, Journal of dairy science.

[42]  H. Meissner,et al.  Effect of synchronization of energy and nitrogen supply on ruminal characteristics and microbial growth. , 1993, Journal of animal science.

[43]  W. H. Brown,et al.  Response of Lactating Holstein Cows to Diets Varying In Fiber Source and Ruminal Starch Degradabllity , 1993 .

[44]  P. Buttery,et al.  Effect of synchronizing the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen release on rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in sheep , 1993, The Journal of Agricultural Science.

[45]  J. H. Clark,et al.  Microbial protein synthesis and flows of nitrogen fractions to the duodenum of dairy cows. , 1992, Journal of dairy science.

[46]  S. Rust,et al.  Effect of asynchronous nitrogen and energy supply on growth of ruminal bacteria in batch culture. , 1992, Journal of animal science.

[47]  E. Grings,et al.  Evaluation of Corn and Barley as Energy Sources for Cows in Early Lactation Fed Alfalfa-Based Diets , 1992 .

[48]  H. Meissner,et al.  The effect of energy and nitrogen supply pattern on rumen bacterial growth in vitro , 1991 .

[49]  J. Nocek,et al.  Site of digestion of starch in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows and its effect on milk yield and composition. , 1991, Journal of dairy science.

[50]  J. H. Clark,et al.  Effects of calcium salts of fatty acids and proportion of forage in diet on ruminal fermentation and nutrient flow to duodenum of cows. , 1991, Journal of dairy science.

[51]  J. H. Clark,et al.  Effects of urea and starch on rumen fermentation, nutrient passage to the duodenum, and performance of cows. , 1991, Journal of dairy science.

[52]  J. H. Clark,et al.  Effects of feed processing and frequency of feeding on ruminal fermentation, milk production, and milk composition. , 1990, Journal of dairy science.

[53]  J. Russell,et al.  Strategies of nutrient transport by ruminal bacteria. , 1990, Journal of dairy science.

[54]  L. L. Berger,et al.  Effect of energy level and feeding frequency on site of digestion and postruminal nutrient flows in steers. , 1990, Journal of dairy science.

[55]  K. Jensen,et al.  Metabolic growth rate control in Escherichia coli may be a consequence of subsaturation of the macromolecular biosynthetic apparatus with substrates and catalytic components. , 1990, Microbiological reviews.

[56]  D. Schingoethe,et al.  Response of early lactation dairy cows fed diets varying in source of nonstructural carbohydrate and crude protein. , 1990, Journal of dairy science.

[57]  J. Huber,et al.  Influence of synchronizing protein and starch degradation in the rumen on nutrient utilization and microbial protein synthesis. , 1990, Journal of dairy science.

[58]  D. Petitclerc,et al.  Effects of photoperiod and pair-feeding on lactation of cows fed corn or barley grain in total mixed rations. , 1989, Journal of dairy science.

[59]  R. L. Baldwin,et al.  Effects of amino acids and peptides on rumen microbial growth yields. , 1989, Journal of dairy science.

[60]  J. Vicini,et al.  Effects of source of protein and carbohydrate on ruminal fermentation and passage of nutrients to the small intestine of lactating cows. , 1989, Journal of dairy science.

[61]  J. Huber,et al.  Influence of varying protein and starch degradabilities on performance of lactating cows. , 1989, Journal of dairy science.

[62]  P. H. Robinson.  Dynamic Aspects of Feeding Management for Dairy Cows , 1989 .

[63]  D. Schingoethe,et al.  Lactational response of dairy cows to diets varying in ruminal solubilities of carbohydrate and crude protein. , 1989, Journal of dairy science.

[64]  G. Varga,et al.  Effect of three concentrate feeding frequencies on rumen protozoa, rumen digesta kinetics, and milk yield in dairy cows. , 1989, Journal of dairy science.

[65]  J. Rooke,et al.  The importance of the form of nitrogen on microbial protein synthesis in the rumen of cattle receiving grass silage and continuous intrarumen infusions of sucrose , 1989, British Journal of Nutrition.

[66]  A. P. Williams,et al.  The degradation of different protein supplements in the rumen of steers and the effects of these supplements on carbohydrate digestion , 1988, British Journal of Nutrition.

[67]  P. Buttery,et al.  Protein metabolism in the rumen of silage-fed steers: effect of fishmeal supplementation , 1988, British Journal of Nutrition.

[68]  J. Russell,et al.  Protein and Energy as an Integrated System. Relationship of Ruminal Protein and Carbohydrate Availability to Microbial Synthesis and Milk Production , 1988 .

[69]  L. Rode,et al.  EFFECT OF AMOUNT AND LENGTH OF ALFALFA HAY IN DIETS CONTAINING BARLEY OR CORN ON SITE OF DIGESTION AND RUMEN MICROBIAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN DAIRY COWS , 1988 .

[70]  R. Weston.  Factors limiting the intake of feed by sheep. 10. The effects of concentrate supplements on the voluntary consumption and digestion of a medium quality roughage , 1988 .

[71]  W. J. Croom,et al.  Effect of amount and source of dietary nitrogen on milk fat depression in early lactation dairy cows. , 1987, Journal of dairy science.

[72]  B. Crooker,et al.  Supplying the protein needs of dairy cattle from by-product feeds. , 1987, Journal of dairy science.

[73]  J. Russell,et al.  Concentration and estimated flow of peptides from the rumen of dairy cattle: effects of protein quantity, protein solubility, and feeding frequency. , 1987, Journal of dairy science.

[74]  P. H. Robinson,et al.  Protein and fiber digestion, passage, and utilization in lactating cows. Microbial growth and flow as influenced by dietary manipulations. , 1987, Journal of dairy science.

[75]  J. Rooke,et al.  The effects of intraruminal infusions of urea, casein, glucose syrup and a mixture of casein and glucose syrup on nitrogen digestion in the rumen of cattle receiving grass-silage diets , 1987, British Journal of Nutrition.

[76]  P. H. Robinson,et al.  Influence of declining level of feed intake and varying the proportion of starch in the concentrate on rumen ingesta quantity, composition and kinetics of ingesta turnover in dairy cows , 1987 .

[77]  C. B. Theurer.  Grain processing effects on starch utilization by ruminants. , 1986, Journal of animal science.

[78]  P. H. Robinson,et al.  Influence of declining level of feed intake and varying the proportion of starch in the concentrate on rumen fermentation in dairy cows , 1986 .

[79]  R. Kincaid,et al.  Effect of crude protein and solubility on performance and blood constituents of dairy cows. , 1986, Journal of dairy science.

[80]  W. H. Broster,et al.  Feeding frequency for lactating cows: effects on rumen fermentation and blood metabolites and hormones , 1986, British Journal of Nutrition.

[81]  D. Schingoethe,et al.  Evaluation of urea and dried whey in diets of cows during early lactation. , 1986, Journal of dairy science.

[82]  J. Nocek,et al.  Effect of Feeding Frequency on Diurnal Dry Matter and Water Consumption, Liquid Dilution Rate, and Milk Yield in First Lactation , 1985 .

[83]  E. Depeters,et al.  Effects of feeding corn or barley on composition of milk and diet digestibility. , 1985, Journal of dairy science.

[84]  L. Rode,et al.  EFFECT OF FORAGE AMOUNT AND PARTICLE SIZE IN DIETS OF LACTATING DAIRY COWS ON SITE OF DIGESTION AND MICROBIAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS , 1985 .

[85]  J. Monro,et al.  Effect of intake and feeding frequency on feeding behaviour and quantitative aspects of digestion in sheep fed chaffed lucerne hay , 1984, The Journal of Agricultural Science.

[86]  J. Russell,et al.  Effect of carbon-4 and carbon-5 volatile fatty acids on growth of mixed rumen bacteria in vitro. , 1984, Journal of dairy science.

[87]  J. Gibson.  The effects of frequency of feeding on milk production of dairy cattle: an analysis of published results , 1984 .

[88]  E. Ørskov,et al.  Associative effects of mixed feeds. I. effects of type and level of supplementation and the influence of the rumen fluid pH on cellulolysis in vivo and dry matter digestion of various roughages , 1983 .

[89]  D. Hewitt,et al.  Factors affecting the capture of dietary nitrogen by micro-organisms in the forestomachs of the young steer. Experiments with [15N]urea , 1983, British Journal of Nutrition.

[90]  M. R. Stokes,et al.  Effect of dietary concentration of total nonstructural carbohydrate on energy and nitrogen metabolism and milk production of dairy cows. , 1983, Journal of dairy science.

[91]  M. Cotta,et al.  Effect of Peptides and Amino Acids on Efficiency of Rumen Bacterial Protein Synthesis in Continuous Culture , 1982 .

[92]  F. Mould.  Associative effects of mixed feeds for ruminants , 1982 .

[93]  H. Hagemeister,et al.  4 – MICROBIAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND DIGESTION IN THE HIGH-YIELDING DAIRY COW , 1981 .

[94]  C. Deyoe,et al.  6 – REDUCING THE RATE OF AMMONIA RELEASE BY THE USE OF ALTERNATIVE NON-PROTEIN NITROGEN SOURCES , 1981 .

[95]  R. L. Baldwin,et al.  Quantitative and dynamic aspects of nitrogen metabolism in the rumen: a modeling analysis. , 1979, Journal of animal science.

[96]  B. Crooker,et al.  Effects of Nonstructural Carbohydrate, Urea and Soluble Protein Levels on Microbial Protein Synthesis in Continuous Culture of Rumen Contents , 1978 .

[97]  R. McDowell,et al.  Use of urea by early postpartum Holstein cows. , 1977, Journal of dairy science.

[98]  C. Deyoe,et al.  REDUCING THE RATE OF AMMONIA RELEASE BY THE USE OF ALTERNATIVE NON-PROTEIN NITROGEN SOURCES , 1977 .

[99]  R. R. Johnson.  Influence of carbohydrate solubility on non-protein nitrogen utilization in the ruminant. , 1976, Journal of animal science.

[100]  W. Kaufmann.  Influence of the composition of the ration and the feeding frequency on ph-regulation in the rumen and on feed in-take in ruminants , 1976 .

[101]  R. L. Baldwin,et al.  Factors influencing rumen microbial growth rates and yields: effect of amino acid additions to a purified diet with nitrogen from urea. , 1976, Journal of dairy science.

[102]  R. L. Baldwin,et al.  Factors influencing rumen microbial growth rates and yields: effects of urea and amino acids over time. , 1976, Journal of dairy science.

[103]  C. V. Van Nevel,et al.  Rumen microbial growth rates and yields: effect of amino acids and protein. , 1976, Journal of dairy science.

[104]  S. J. Pirt,et al.  Principles of microbe and cell cultivation , 1975 .

[105]  E. E. Bartley,et al.  Progress in the utilization of urea as a protein replacer for ruminants. A review. , 1971 .

[106]  H. H. V. Horn,et al.  Effect of High-Urea Supplementation on Feed Intake and Milk Production of Dairy Cows , 1967 .

[107]  J. B. Holter,et al.  Urea for Lactating Dairy Cattle. I. Effect of Concentrate Fiber and Urea Levels on Nutritive Value of the Ration , 1967 .

[108]  R. Stanley,et al.  Effect of frequency and method of feeding on performance of lacting dairy cattle. , 1967, Journal of dairy science.

[109]  M. P. Bryant,et al.  THE RUMEN BACTERIA AND PROTOZOA. , 1964, Annual review of microbiology.

[110]  M. P. Bryant,et al.  SOME NUTRITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PREDOMINANT CULTURABLE RUMINAL BACTERIA , 1962, Journal of bacteriology.

[111]  W. Moore,et al.  Response of Growing Dairy Heifers to Frequency of Feeding , 1957 .

[112]  J. Reid.  Urea as a Protein Replacement for Ruminants: A Review , 1953 .